| Article | Setting and Sample | Study Design and Scribe Type | Measured Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arya et al25 | ∙ Emergency department within a single academic medical center ∙ 243 shifts ∙ 13 emergency physicians ∙ Data collected on all adult (≥21 years old) patient visits | ∙ Nonrandomized, static-group comparison study ∙ Matched design (shifts with and without scribes) ∙ Scribes: from preexisting program operated through the academic medical center | ∙ RVU/hour ∙ Patients/hour ∙ Turnaround time to discharge (minutes) |
| Koshy et al26 | ∙ Urology clinic within a single academic medical center ∙ 5 urologists; residents ∙ 487 patient surveys ∙ 55 physician surveys | ∙ Nonrandomized, static-group comparison study ∙ Matched design (shifts with and without scribes) ∙ Scribes: premedical students or first-year medical students | ∙ Patient acceptance and satisfaction ∙ Physician acceptance and satisfaction |
| Bank et al27 | ∙ Cardiology clinic within a large, not-for-profit health care organization ∙ 65 hours of clinic care on both control and scribe days ∙ 4 cardiologists ∙ 130 clinic hours ∙ 339 patient visits | ∙ Nonrandomized, static-group comparison study ∙ Matched design (days with and without scribes); patient visits on scribe days were scheduled to be 25% shorter ∙ Scribe: professional scribe from a medical scribe service | ∙ Patients seen ∙ wRVU/hour ∙ Patient satisfaction ∙ Physician-patient interaction ∙ Revenue |
| Bastani et al28 | ∙ Emergency department in a suburban community hospital ∙ Patient encounters over the 11-month study, with “washout” time between groups ∙ Before CPOE, n = 10,578 ∙ After CPOE and before scribe, n = 11,729 ∙ After scribe, n = 12,609 | ∙ Nonrandomized, 2-stage pretest/posttest design (baseline/before CPOE, after CPOE, and after scribe) with static-group comparison ∙ Scribes: premedical, prenursing, and pre–physician assistant students from a local 4-year university; employed via a professional scribe service | ∙ Door-to-room time ∙ Room-to-doctor time ∙ Door-to-doctor time ∙ Doctor-to-disposition time ∙ Duration of stay for discharged/admitted patients ∙ Patient satisfaction |
| Allen et al29 | ∙ Adult emergency department within a single academic medical center ∙ Patient encounters over the 23-month study, with “washout” time between groups ∙ 11-month periods before and after scribe ∙ 18 residents ∙ 8 physician assistants ∙ 4 nurse practitioners | ∙ Nonrandomized, pretest/posttest design (before scribe and after scribe) ∙ Scribes: not specified | ∙ Patients admitted, discharged, and left without being seen ∙ Door-to-triage time ∙ Door-to-room time ∙ Door-to-clinician time ∙ Door-to-disposition time ∙ Door-to-exit time ∙ Clinician-to-disposition time ∙ Disposition-to-exit time ∙ Room-to-disposition time ∙ Room-to-exit time ∙ Clinician satisfaction |
CPOE, computerized physician order entry; RVU, relative value unit; wRVU, work relative value unit.