Table 1. Case Reports of Previously Healthy Boys Who Had a Urinary Tract Infection Caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis and the Urinary Tract Abnormality Found on Each Case

Authors	Age (years)	Symptoms Reported	Urinalysis (cells/hpf)	Urine culture (Staphylococcus epidermidis growth in CFUs/mL)	Second Urine Culture	Urinary Tract Abnormality
Hagler & Dobkin²	9	Dysuria, difficulty initiating urinary stream	RBCs 3–6, WBCs 100, large bacteria	>100,000 and Enterococcus	Same as first	Diverticulum of the bladder
Hagler & Dobkin²	11	Fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, sore throat, diarrhea	WBCs 20–30, large bacteria	>100,000	Same as first	Diverticulum of the bladder
Hall & Snitzer³	6	Fever, abdominal and flank pain, vomiting	RBCs 2–4, proteinuria +1, ketonuria +1	>1,000,000	Same as first	Bilateral grade III reflux, bilateral duplicating collecting system
Hall & Snitzer³	7	Fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, chills	RBCs 0–1, WBCs 3–5, proteinuria +1, trace blood, ketonuria +2	>100,000	>50,000	Right grade III reflux, left grade II reflux
McDonald and Lohr⁴	11	Fever, abdominal pain, vomiting,	WBCs 5–8, trace leukocyte esterase	>100,000	Same as first	Right grade III reflux
Upadhyayula et al⁵	<1	Fever, upper respiratory symptoms	WBCs <5	1000–100,000	>100,000	Right grade V reflux, left grade IV reflux

RBC, red blood cell; WBC, white blood cell.