Table 3. Predictors of Emotional Exhaustion Scores Among Clinicians
VariableModel 1Model 2Model 3Model 4
β95% CIβ95% CIβ95% CIβ95% CI
Half days worked
    1–2RefRefRefRef
    3–50.35−0.31 to 1.010.58*0.15 to 1.010.58*0.25 to 0.910.53*0.23 to 0.83
    ≥60.73*0.20 to 1.251.230.83 to 1.641.400.97 to 1.841.380.98 to 1.78
Tenure (years)
    <1RefRefRefRef
    1–50.48−0.14 to 1.100.24−0.13 to 0.62−0.09−0.60 to 0.430.04−0.45 to 0.53
    >50.03−0.88 to 0.930.08−0.72 to 0.89−0.15−0.91 to 0.62−0.13−0.85 to 0.59
System
    CountyRefRefRefRef
    University−0.20−0.55 to 0.16−0.15−0.38 to 0.09−0.21−0.49 to 0.06−0.20-0.47 to 0.07
EHR in transition
    NoRefRefRefRef
    Yes0.73*0.19 to 1.260.870.37 to 1.370.81*0.19 to 1.440.800.16 to 1.44
Clinician type
    Attending physicianRefRefRefRef
    Nurse practitioner/physician assistant0.01−0.52 to 0.53−0.31−0.69 to 0.08−0.21−0.45 to 0.02−0.17−0.35 to 0.01
    Resident0.560.02 to 1.100.860.48 to 1.250.660.36 to 0.970.640.36 to 0.92
Team structure
    No teamsRefRefRefRef
    Team−0.62−1.17 to −0.07−0.52−0.92 to −0.12−0.42−0.79 to −0.04−0.56−0.95 to −0.17
    Teamlet−1.19−1.61 to −0.78−0.99−1.46 to −0.53−0.60−1.07 to −0.13−0.500.97 to −0.04
Team culture−0.37−0.44 to −0.30−0.37−0.53 to −0.20−0.34−0.48 to −0.21
Team structure × team culture−0.31−0.39 to −0.23
QIC fit index364.19308.56294.10
  • β Values are coefficients of linear regressions using generalized estimated equations associated with changes in the exhaustion score; positive numbers represent greater exhaustion and negative numbers represent less exhaustion.

  • P < .05.

  • * P < .01.

  • P < .001.

  • CI, confidence interval; EHR, electronic health record; QIC, quasi-likelihood under the independence model criterion; Ref, reference category.