Table 3. Predictors of Emotional Exhaustion Scores Among Clinicians

Variable	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
Variable	β	95% CI	β	95% CI	β	95% CI	β	95% CI
Half days worked
1–2	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
3–5	0.35	−0.31 to 1.01	0.58^*	0.15 to 1.01	0.58^*	0.25 to 0.91	0.53^*	0.23 to 0.83
≥6	0.73^*	0.20 to 1.25	1.23^{^†}	0.83 to 1.64	1.40^{^†}	0.97 to 1.84	1.38^{^†}	0.98 to 1.78
Tenure (years)
<1	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
1–5	0.48	−0.14 to 1.10	0.24	−0.13 to 0.62	−0.09	−0.60 to 0.43	0.04	−0.45 to 0.53
>5	0.03	−0.88 to 0.93	0.08	−0.72 to 0.89	−0.15	−0.91 to 0.62	−0.13	−0.85 to 0.59
System
County	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
University	−0.20	−0.55 to 0.16	−0.15	−0.38 to 0.09	−0.21	−0.49 to 0.06	−0.20	-0.47 to 0.07
EHR in transition
No	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Yes	0.73^*	0.19 to 1.26	0.87^{^†}	0.37 to 1.37	0.81^*	0.19 to 1.44	0.80^{^‡}	0.16 to 1.44
Clinician type
Attending physician	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Nurse practitioner/physician assistant	0.01	−0.52 to 0.53	−0.31	−0.69 to 0.08	−0.21	−0.45 to 0.02	−0.17	−0.35 to 0.01
Resident	0.56^{^‡}	0.02 to 1.10	0.86^{^†}	0.48 to 1.25	0.66^{^†}	0.36 to 0.97	0.64^{^†}	0.36 to 0.92
Team structure
No teams	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Team	−0.62^{^‡}	−1.17 to −0.07	−0.52^{^‡}	−0.92 to −0.12	−0.42^{^‡}	−0.79 to −0.04	−0.56^{^‡}	−0.95 to −0.17
Teamlet	−1.19^{^†}	−1.61 to −0.78	−0.99^{^†}	−1.46 to −0.53	−0.60^{^‡}	−1.07 to −0.13	−0.50^{^‡}	0.97 to −0.04
Team culture	−0.37^{^†}	−0.44 to −0.30			−0.37^{^†}	−0.53 to −0.20	−0.34^{^†}	−0.48 to −0.21
Team structure × team culture							−0.31^{^†}	−0.39 to −0.23
QIC fit index				364.19		308.56		294.10

β Values are coefficients of linear regressions using generalized estimated equations associated with changes in the exhaustion score; positive numbers represent greater exhaustion and negative numbers represent less exhaustion.
↵‡ P < .05.
↵* P < .01.
↵† P < .001.
CI, confidence interval; EHR, electronic health record; QIC, quasi-likelihood under the independence model criterion; Ref, reference category.