Predisposing characteristics | | | |
Age, years | | | <.001 |
8–44 | 42.1 | 53.1 | |
45–64 | 39.2 | 30.2 | |
≥65 | 18.8 | 16.7 | |
Sex | | | <.001 |
Female | 55.5 | 66.4 | |
Race | | | <.001 |
White | 82.6 | 74.4 | |
Black | 10.9 | 19.9 | |
Other | 6.6 | 5.7 | |
Hispanic ethnicity | | | .061 |
Yes | 11.0 | 12.6 | |
No | 89.0 | 87.4 | |
Education | | | <.001 |
No degree | 12.5 | 18.2 | |
GED/high school | 49.7 | 57.3 | |
Bachelor's degree or more | 37.9 | 24.5 | |
Employment status | | | <.001 |
Employed | 68.8 | 58.0 | |
Not employed | 31.3 | 42.0 | |
Marital status | | | <.001 |
Married | 62.0 | 48.5 | |
Widowed | 6.3 | 7.4 | |
Divorced | 10.8 | 13.6 | |
Separated | 1.7 | 3.9 | |
Never married | 19.3 | 26.6 | |
Able to speak English | 96.9 | 96.6 | .558 |
More likely to take risks | | | .031 |
Disagree strongly | 43.7 | 45.6 | |
Disagree somewhat | 22.8 | 19.1 | |
Uncertain | 14.0 | 15.9 | |
Agree somewhat | 15.5 | 14.5 | |
Agree strongly | 4.0 | 4.8 | |
Can overcome illness without medical help | | | .001 |
Disagree strongly | 48.4 | 54.1 | |
Disagree somewhat | 22.5 | 21.2 | |
Uncertain | 9.7 | 9.3 | |
Agree somewhat | 16.5 | 12.0 | |
Agree strongly | 2.8 | 3.4 | |
Enabling resources | | | |
Income (% of poverty level) | | | <.001 |
<100 (poor) | 8.5 | 21.3 | |
100–199 (low income) | 14.8 | 22.8 | |
200–399 (middle income) | 30.6 | 30.3 | |
≥400 (high income) | 46.1 | 25.6 | |
Health insurance | | | <.001 |
Private | 75.3 | 59.0 | |
Public | 16.1 | 29.5 | |
Uninsured | 8.6 | 11.5 | |
Region | | | .054 |
Northeast | 20.1 | 16.4 | |
Midwest | 22.6 | 25.2 | |
South | 35.2 | 37.4 | |
West | 22.1 | 21.1 | |
MSA | | | .026 |
Urban | 82.5 | 79.2 | |
Rural | 17.5 | 20.9 | |
Need factors | | | |
Health status | | | <.001 |
Excellent | 22.8 | 11.9 | |
Very good | 35.6 | 22.6 | |
Good | 28.9 | 34.8 | |
Fair | 10.0 | 19.2 | |
Poor | 2.7 | 11.5 | |
Mental health | | | <.001 |
Excellent | 35.5 | 27.0 | |
Very good | 32.7 | 23.5 | |
Good | 25.1 | 32.4 | |
Fair | 5.6 | 13.1 | |
Poor | 1.2 | 4.0 | |
Hypertension | 36.3 | 41.7 | .005 |
Coronary heart disease | 6.0 | 8.6 | .002 |
Angina | 3.0 | 4.4 | .024 |
Myocardial infarction | 3.9 | 6.0 | .001 |
Other heart disease | 10.8 | 13.7 | .010 |
Stroke | 3.4 | 7.5 | <.001 |
Emphysema | 2.4 | 5.1 | <.001 |
High cholesterol | 36.6 | 35.8 | .662 |
Diabetes | 10.7 | 14.6 | <.001 |
Arthritis | 28.7 | 35.2 | <.001 |
Asthma | 9.6 | 18.0 | <.001 |