Demographic Characteristics | (n = 32) |
---|---|
Mean age, years (range) | 34 (25–41) |
Mean months in US (range) | 35 (9–120) |
Weeks at delivery, mean (range) | 39.8 (37.7–41.4) |
Mean birth weight, g (range) (n = 29) | 3092 (2200–3995) |
Mean duration of help, days (range) (n = 19) | 34 (8–112) |
Parity | |
First delivery | 8 (25) |
Second or multiple deliveries | 24 (75) |
Education* | |
High school | 4 (13) |
Some college | 6 (19) |
College graduate or higher | 22 (69) |
Occupation (n = 29) | |
Homemaker | 26 (90) |
Other | 3 (10) |
English proficiency perception (n = 28) | |
Fluent | 2 (7) |
Daily conversation | 19 (68) |
Limited | 7 (25) |
Location of recent and previous delivery (n = 24) | |
Japan | 16 (67) |
United States (other) | 2 (8) |
United States (University of Michigan) | 6 (25) |
Delivery type | |
Vaginal delivery | 28 (88) |
Planned cesarean delivery | 1 (3) |
Unplanned cesarean delivery | 3 (9) |
Anesthesia during labor (n = 30) | |
None | 8 (27) |
Epidural | 22 (73) |
Intravenous medications | — |
Sex of baby (n = 30) | |
Male | 17 (57) |
Female | 13 (43) |
Help from Japan/family (n = 30) | |
Yes | 23 (77) |
No | 7 (23) |
PCP of baby (n = 29) | |
JFHP | 27 (93) |
Other | 2 (7) |
Breastfeeding method (n = 28) | |
Breast milk only | 22 (79) |
Breast milk and formula | 6 (21) |
Data are n (%) unless otherwise indicated. All data had no significant differences between primiparous and multiparous women.
↵* Numbers do not add up to 100% because of rounding.
JFHP, Japanese Family Health Program; PCP, primary care physician.