| Demographic Characteristics | (n = 32) |
|---|---|
| Mean age, years (range) | 34 (25–41) |
| Mean months in US (range) | 35 (9–120) |
| Weeks at delivery, mean (range) | 39.8 (37.7–41.4) |
| Mean birth weight, g (range) (n = 29) | 3092 (2200–3995) |
| Mean duration of help, days (range) (n = 19) | 34 (8–112) |
| Parity | |
| First delivery | 8 (25) |
| Second or multiple deliveries | 24 (75) |
| Education* | |
| High school | 4 (13) |
| Some college | 6 (19) |
| College graduate or higher | 22 (69) |
| Occupation (n = 29) | |
| Homemaker | 26 (90) |
| Other | 3 (10) |
| English proficiency perception (n = 28) | |
| Fluent | 2 (7) |
| Daily conversation | 19 (68) |
| Limited | 7 (25) |
| Location of recent and previous delivery (n = 24) | |
| Japan | 16 (67) |
| United States (other) | 2 (8) |
| United States (University of Michigan) | 6 (25) |
| Delivery type | |
| Vaginal delivery | 28 (88) |
| Planned cesarean delivery | 1 (3) |
| Unplanned cesarean delivery | 3 (9) |
| Anesthesia during labor (n = 30) | |
| None | 8 (27) |
| Epidural | 22 (73) |
| Intravenous medications | — |
| Sex of baby (n = 30) | |
| Male | 17 (57) |
| Female | 13 (43) |
| Help from Japan/family (n = 30) | |
| Yes | 23 (77) |
| No | 7 (23) |
| PCP of baby (n = 29) | |
| JFHP | 27 (93) |
| Other | 2 (7) |
| Breastfeeding method (n = 28) | |
| Breast milk only | 22 (79) |
| Breast milk and formula | 6 (21) |
Data are n (%) unless otherwise indicated. All data had no significant differences between primiparous and multiparous women.
↵* Numbers do not add up to 100% because of rounding.
JFHP, Japanese Family Health Program; PCP, primary care physician.