| Test/Subtest (All Subjects) | Cognitive Impairment (n = 157) | Normal (n = 62) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| MMSE | 19.39 (5.48) | 26.03 (3.28) | <.001 |
| M-MMSE | 20.88 (5.53) | 27.03 (2.25) | <.001 |
| Serial 7s | 0.90 (1.52) | 2.02 (1.87) | <.01 |
| Spelling | 2.24 (2.03) | 3.85 (1.69) | <.001 |
| Weekdays | 3.88 (1.91) | 5.00 (0) | <.001 |
| High school graduate | Cognitive Impairment (n = 71) | Normal (n = 37) | |
| MMSE | 21.62 (4.63) | 26.78 (2.69) | <.001 |
| M-MMSE | 22.69 (4.67) | 27.27 (2.17) | <.001 |
| Less than high school | Cognitive Impairment (n = 86) | Normal (n = 25) | |
| MMSE | 17.56 (5.47) | 24.92 (3.80) | <.001 |
| M-MMSE | 19.38 (5.75) | 26.68 (2.36) | <.001 |
| Literate | Cognitive Impairment (n = 98) | Normal (n = 47) | |
| MMSE | 20.59 (5.31) | 26.91 (2.55) | <.001 |
| M-MMSE | 21.74 (5.49) | 27.36 (2.05) | <.001 |
| Illiterate and semiliterate | Cognitive Impairment (n = 59) | Normal (n = 15) | |
| MMSE | 17.31 (5.21) | 23.27 (3.85) | <.001 |
| M-MMSE | 19.38 (5.36) | 26.00 (2.59) | <.001 |
Values are means (standard deviations). Maximum possible scores for weekdays, serial 7, or spelling were 5 and for Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) or Modified-MMSE (M-MMSE) were 30. For all tests, normal patients had a significantly higher mean score than patients with cognitive impairment, including those with less than a high school education or who were illiterate or semiliterate. The M-MMSE showed results in the normal range for normal subjects more frequently (higher score). Although the score for patients identified with cognitive impairment also was higher, it still fell in the abnormal range. All normal subjects correctly recited the days of the week backward.