Table 5.

Adjusted Associations of Patient and Usual Source of Care (USOC) Characteristics in Year 1 With All-Cause Mortality in Year 2 (N = 11,328)

Adjusted HR* (95% CI)P
Patient characteristics
    Age, per 10 years2.39 (2.08–2.76)<.001
    Female0.51 (0.38–0.69)<.001
    Race/ethnicity (ref = Non-Hispanic white)
        Non-Hispanic whiteReference
        Hispanic (any race)0.64 (0.41–1.01).05
        Non-Hispanic black1.56 (1.01–2.39).04
        Non-Hispanic other0.87 (0.35–2.16).77
    Education level
        <High schoolReference
        Some high school1.03 (0.69–1.55).88
        High school graduate0.78 (0.51–1.19).24
        Some college1.20 (0.71–2.02).50
        College graduate0.66 (0.41–1.07).09
    Household income level, % FPL (ref <100%)
        <100%Reference
        100–1241.57 (0.90–2.75).11
        125–1991.29 (0.85–1.98).23
        200–3991.32 (0.89–1.95).16
        ≥4001.45 (0.92–2.30).11
    Census region
        NortheastReference
        Midwest0.85 (0.54–1.34).48
        South1.03 (0.74–1.43).86
        West1.26 (0.85–1.89).25
    Urbanicity (residence in MSA)0.94 (0.68–1.30).71
    Health insurance
        PrivateReference
        Public0.94 (0.70–1.26).67
        None0.64 (0.26–1.57).33
    Health status (SF-12)
        Physical Component Summary score0.97 (0.96–0.98)<.001
        Mental Component Summary score0.99 (0.97–1.00).11
    Self-rated health
        ExcellentReference
        Very good1.25 (0.73–2.17).42
        Good1.42 (0.85–2.37).17
        Fair2.01 (1.13–3.59).02
        Poor2.46 (1.26–4.83).01
    Chronic health conditions*1.06 (0.95–1.18).31
    Body mass index (kg/m2)
        <20Reference
        20–<250.35 (0.23–0.53)<.001
        25–<300.21 (0.14–0.33)<.001
        ≥300.21 (0.12–0.36)<.001
    Smoker1.68 (1.16–2.46).01
    Skepticism toward medical care0.93 (0.76–1.13).44
    Survey panel year1.14 (0.96–1.36).13
USOC characteristics
    Specialty (ref = family medicine/general practice)
        Family medicine/general practiceReference
        General internal medicine1.13 (0.81–1.56).47
        Subspecialty1.58 (0.92–2.71).10
    Non-Hispanic white0.86 (0.61–1.21).39
    Female0.94 (0.64–1.38).76

  • ↵* Adjusted hazard ratio (HR) is from a Cox proportional hazards regression limited to respondents enrolled from 2002–2006 (since National Death Index mortality data was available only through December 31, 2006).

  • †From a count of 8 conditions: diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, asthma, emphysema, and arthritis.

  • CI, confidence interval; FPL, Federal Poverty Level; HR, hazard ratio; MSA, metropolitan statistical area; SF-12, 12-item Short Form.