Table 3. Provider and County Characteristics Associated with Making House Calls (HCs) and Being in the Top Decile of Physicians by Volume of HCs Made in 2006

	Any HCs (n = 1,350)	No HCs (n = 24,584)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	High HC Physicians^* (n = 122)	Low HC Physicians (n = 1,228)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Physician level
Age, mean years (SE)	51.51 (0.33)	48.95 (0.08)^†	1.03 (1.02–1.04)	51.82 (0.99)	51.45 (0.36)	0.99 (0.95–1.03)
Male sex (%)	79.49	76.92	1.28 (1.00–1.62)	76.98	79.87	0.75 (0.33–1.68)
Specialty (%)
Family physician	34.64	13.07^†	0.99 (0.79–1.23)	22.58	36.55	0.89 (0.40–1.96)
General internal medicine	38.18	14.53^†	Ref	46.25	36.94	Ref
General practitioner	4.46	0.85^†	1.45 (0.78–2.71)	7.33	3.96	1.19 (0.14–10.18)
Geriatrician	8.21	1.20^†	2.41 (1.57–3.71)	15.33	7.11	1.50 (0.49–4.54)
Other	14.50	70.35^†	0.08 (0.07–0.11)	8.51	15.45	0.54 (0.24–1.20)
Solo practice	31.57	18.45^†	1.48 (1.18–1.86)	35.07	31.04	1.32 (0.60–2.89)
MD versus DO	87.20	93.73^†	0.64 (0.47–0.89)	85.06	87.53	0.43 (0.15–1.30)
County level
Proportion population 65 years or older	13.22	12.54	1.02 (0.99–1.05)	12.54	13.33	0.94 (0.84–1.04)
Physician-to- population ratio	28.77	31.50	0.98 (0.97–0.99)	32.74	28.15	1.03 (1.01–1.06)
PCP-to-population ratio	10.83	11.25	1.01 (0.97–1.04)	11.05	10.80	0.89 (0.78–1.00)
Medicare managed care penetration rate	13.18	14.43	0.99 (0.98–0.99)	16.05	12.74	1.01 (0.98–1.03)
Proportion of population in poverty	12.34	12.85	1.00 (0.98–1.02)	12.24	12.36	0.99 (0.95–1.04)
Rural/urban status
Metropolitan	82.58	89.01	0.78 (0.57–1.07)	93.62	80.79	3.05 (1.38–6.76)
Micropolitan	10.09	8.06	Ref	2.16	11.33	Ref
Rural	7.38	2.93	2.54 (1.75–3.67)	4.23	7.87	3.40 (1.04–11.09)
Region of practice
New England	8.08	6.22	2.28 (1.52–3.43)	4.26	8.67	0.41 (0.11–1.58)
Middle Atlantic	31.56	14.96	2.08 (1.74–2.48)	32.92	31.35	0.83 (0.57–1.22)
East North Central	17.73	16.63	1.56 (1.11–2.20)	18.52	17.61	0.94 (0.42–2.07)
West North Central	4.88	7.35	1.05 (0.72–1.52)	2.22	5.30	0.41 (0.15–1.14)
South Atlantic	13.20	19.65	Ref	15.43	12.85	Ref
East South Central	3.20	6.17	0.80 (0.52–1.24)	1.03	3.54	0.34 (0.09–1.27)
West South Central	5.22	9.74	0.89 (0.56–1.44)	4.30	5.37	0.58 (0.20–1.74)
Mountain	4.35	6.04	1.22 (0.81–1.86)	4.25	4.37	0.92 (0.20–4.18)
Pacific	11.78	13.23	1.68 (1.03–2.73)	17.07	10.95	1.07 (0.39–2.97)

↵* High HC physician is a physician who makes HCs in the top decile of HCs by volume.
↵† P = < .05.
Ref, reference category; PCP, Primary Care Physician.