| Chronic Opioids (N = 65) | No Chronic Opioids (N = 72) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Level/amount of pain severity | 77 | 60 | .031 |
| Level/amount of functional disability due to pain | 54 | 29 | .003 |
| Level/amount of psychological distress (depression, anxiety, insomnia, etc) due to pain | 48 | 18 | <.001 |
| Presence of a second opinion from a specialist (other than a pain specialist) to help diagnose etiology of the pain or assist with diagnosis or management | 66 | 38 | .001 |
| Presence of a second opinion from a pain specialist to help diagnose etiology of the pain or assist with management | 34 | 10 | .001 |
| Presence of current and/or past use of physical modalities, such as physical therapy | 40 | 39 | NS |
Values provided as percentages of patient charts with documentation of specific assessment or management noted at least once.
NS, not significant.