Intervention Details of Included Studies
| Study | Specific Fiber Type | Soluble Fiber | Intervention |
|---|---|---|---|
| Karlstrom 1984 | Cereal and unknown | Soluble and insoluble | A high-fiber diet (42.4 g) versus a control diet (18.9 g fiber). Diets were identical in the proportion of carbohydrate, fat, protein, and cholesterol. |
| Hollenbeck 1986 | Unknown | Unknown | A high-fiber diet (27 g/1000 kcal) versus a control diet (11 g fiber/1000 kcal). Diets were identical in the proportion of carbohydrate, fat, protein, and cholesterol. |
| Holman 1987 | Guar gum | Soluble | Guar minitablets (5 g), taken 3 times a day taken immediately before the first mouthful of each meal and washed down with water. Of note, all patients had achieved near-normal fasting plasma glucose levels before study began. |
| Hagander 1988 | Cereal, beet, and leguminous | Soluble and insoluble | High-fiber versus low-fiber diets without changing energy intake or proportions of protein, fat, and carbohydrates. |
| Uusitupa 1989 | Guar gum | Soluble | Guar gum granules (5 g), premixed with juice, milk, or water (1–2 dL), 3 times a day before main meals. |
| Lalor 1990 | Guar gum | Soluble | Guar gum granules (5 g) at meal times 3 times daily. |
| Karlander 1991 (diet only arm) | Beet fiber | Soluble | Beet fiber (16 g) mixed into meals divided over 3 meals a day. |
| Chuang 1992 | Guar gum | Soluble | Guar gum (5 g) taken before or with meals in a liquid form 3 times a day. |
| Chandalia 2000 | Unfortified foods (e.g. cantaloupe, sweet potato, oatmeal) | Soluble and insoluble | A high-fiber diet (50 g) versus a control diet (24 g fiber). Diets were identical in the proportion of carbohydrate, fat, protein, and cholesterol. |
| Jenkins 2002 | Cereal fiber | Soluble and insoluble | Bread and breakfast cereals high in cereal fiber were provided to add 19 g/day of additional cereal fiber compared with an additional 4 g/day of additional cereal fiber in the control group. |
| Feldheim 2003 | Wheat fiber | Soluble and insoluble | Consumption of bread and crescents enriched with a dietary fiber concentrate. |
| Lu 2004 | Arabinoxylan-rich fiber | Soluble and insoluble | Usual diet supplemented with arabinoxylane fiber-enriched bread and muffins compared with non–fiber-enriched bread and muffins in the control group. |
| Cho 2005 | Cassia tora fiber | Soluble | Two 2-g packets per day ingested after meals, i.e., one packet each after morning and evening meal. |
| Ziai 2005 | Plantago ovata Forsk (Psyllium) | Soluble and insoluble | Fiber supplement (5.1 g) in 250 mL of water twice a day, 20–30 minutes before the morning and evening meals. |
| Ikem 2007 | Unknown | Unknown | A high-fiber diet (40 g of fiber added) versus a control diet. Diets were similar in the proportion of carbohydrate, fat, and protein. |