Study Characteristics.
| Characteristics | No. | Percent | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Studies | 46 | 100.0 | |
| Study design | |||
| Randomized controlled trial* | 31 | 67.4 | 78 ,83–89 ,93–95 ,97 ,98 ,101 ,102–104 ,106–109 ,111–113 ,116 ,118–121 ,123 ,124 |
| Concurrently controlled | 15 | 32.6 | 79 ,82 ,90 ,92 ,96 ,99 ,100 ,105 ,110 ,114 ,115 ,117 ,122 |
| Type of control | |||
| Usual care | 30 | 65.2 | 78–84 ,87–89 ,92–100 ,102 ,107 ,109 ,110 ,112 ,114 ,115 ,117 ,122–124 |
| Active control | 16 | 34.8 | 85 ,86 ,90 ,101 ,103–106 ,108 ,111 ,113 ,116 ,118–121 |
| Interventions | 63 | 100.0 | |
| Intervention target | |||
| Patients | 24 | 38.1 | 78 ,80–89 ,94 ,96 ,100 ,102 ,103 ,111–113 ,116 ,122 |
| Physicians | 25 | 39.7 | 85 ,86 ,90 ,92 ,93 ,95 ,97 ,101 ,104 ,107 ,108 ,111 ,114 ,115 ,118–121 ,124 |
| Patients and physicians | 12 | 19.0 | 79 ,85 ,98 ,99 ,106 ,109–111 ,116 ,121 ,123 ,124 |
| System | 2 | 3.2 | 105 ,117 |
| Intervention strategy | |||
| Behavioral | 22 | 34.9 | 85 ,86 ,90 ,92 ,93 ,95–97 ,101 ,103 ,104 ,107 ,109 ,111 ,115 ,116 ,118–121 ,124 |
| Cognitive | 5 | 7.9 | 97 ,102 ,108 ,113 ,119 |
| Sociologic | 5 | 7.9 | 80 ,83 ,84 ,87 ,100 |
| Behavioral and cognitive | 10 | 15.9 | 85 ,94 ,97–99 ,106 ,110 ,112 ,114 ,121 |
| Cognitive and sociologic | 3 | 4.8 | 78 ,88 ,89 |
| Behavioral, cognitive, and sociologic | 5 | 7.9 | 79 ,81 ,82 ,122 ,123 |
| Intervention content | |||
| Behavioral strategy | |||
| Postcard or letter reminder | 16 | 25.4 | 79 ,85 ,86 ,94 ,103 ,106 ,111 ,112 ,116 ,123 ,124 |
| Telephone reminder | 2 | 3.2 | 103 ,86 |
| Health diary | 2 | 3.2 | 96 ,99 |
| Chart reminder | 22 | 34.9 | 85 ,86 ,95 ,98 ,106 ,107 ,108 ,109 ,110 ,111 ,114 ,115 ,116 ,118 ,119 ,121 ,123 ,124 |
| Office reminders or poster display | 3 | 4.8 | 79 ,99 ,110 |
| Patient-carried prompt | 4 | 6.3 | 98 ,106 ,109 ,120 |
| Flow sheet or checklist requiring completion | 9 | 14.3 | 90 ,92 ,93 ,97 ,104 ,106 ,108 ,110 ,116 |
| Mass media reminders | 1 | 1.6 | 81 |
| Financial incentives | 3 | 4.8 | 82 ,101 ,122 |
| Cognitive strategy | |||
| Educational letter or pamphlet | 13 | 20.6 | 79 ,81 ,82 ,85 ,94 ,99 ,102 ,106 ,113 ,121 ,123 |
| Telephone or in-person counseling | 3 | 4.8 | 79 ,112 ,121 |
| Educational mass media | 2 | 3.2 | 78 ,79 |
| Educational workshop or presentation | 9 | 14.3 | 78 ,79 ,97 ,98 ,106 ,110 ,114 ,123 |
| Audit with feedback | 5 | 7.9 | 97 ,106 ,108 ,119 |
| Sociologic strategy | |||
| Peer or lay health workers | 10 | 15.9 | 78 ,79 ,80 ,82 ,83 ,84 ,87 ,88 ,100 ,122 |
| Culturally sensitive videotape | 3 | 4.8 | 80 ,81 ,89 |
| Outcome measurement | |||
| Self-report | 15 | 32.6 | 78–84 ,87,88 ,97 ,99 ,100 ,102 ,112 ,113 |
| Chart audit | 23 | 50.0 | 89 ,90 ,92–96 ,98 ,101 ,105–110 ,114 ,115 ,118 ,120–124 |
| Claims or electronic record | 10 | 21.7 | 83 ,85 ,86 ,103 ,104 ,111 ,116–119 |
| Patient age-group | |||
| <40 years | 14 | 30.4 | 82 ,84–89 ,93 ,100 ,106 ,111 ,113 ,117 ,121 |
| 40–49 years | 23 | 50.0 | 78 ,80 ,82–84 ,86–89 ,93 ,97 ,100 ,102 ,103 ,106 ,108 ,109 ,111–113 ,116 ,117 ,124 |
| 50–59 years | 28 | 60.9 | 78 ,80 ,82–84 ,87–89 ,92 ,93 ,95–100 ,103 ,104 ,106–109 ,112 ,113 ,115–117 ,124 |
| 60+ years | 19 | 41.3 | 79 ,80 ,84 ,87 ,89 ,93–95 ,97 ,98 ,100 ,103 ,104–106 ,112 ,113 ,117 ,120 |
| Not stated | 9 | 19.6 | 81 ,90 ,101 ,110 ,114 ,118 ,119 ,122 ,123 |
| Patient race | |||
| >20% African American | 19 | 41.3 | 79 ,85 ,87 ,89 ,92 ,98 ,99 ,101 ,104–108 ,111 ,113 ,115 ,120 ,122 ,124 |
| >20% Hispanic, Latina | 6 | 13.0 | 80 ,84 ,89 ,96 ,98 ,106 |
| >20% Asian, Pacific Islander | 3 | 6.5 | 81 ,82 ,100 |
| >20% Native American | 2 | 4.3 | 88 ,117 |
| >20% White | 12 | 26.1 | 78 ,83 ,98 ,102 ,103 ,108 ,109 ,111 ,113 ,115 ,120 ,124 |
| Not stated | 14 | 30.4 | 86 ,90 ,93–95 ,97 ,110 ,112 ,114 ,116 ,118 ,119 ,121 ,123 |
| Percentage with health insurance | |||
| <50% | 4 | 8.7 | 80 ,84 ,88 ,89 |
| 50–74% | 4 | 8.7 | 81 ,98 ,111 ,113 |
| 75%+ | 16 | 34.8 | 78 ,82 ,83 ,85 ,86 ,92 ,94 ,99 ,101 ,103 ,105 ,106 ,108 ,109 ,112 ,116 |
| Not stated | 22 | 47.8 | 79 ,87 ,90 ,93 ,95–97 ,100 ,102 ,104 ,107 ,110 ,114 ,115 ,117–124 |
| Previous Papanicolaou smear use | |||
| 0–24% | 3 | 6.5 | 78 ,103 ,121 |
| 25–49% | 10 | 21.7 | 82–85 ,88 ,90 ,98 ,102 ,111 ,117 |
| 50–74% | 6 | 13.0 | 79 ,81 ,87 ,92 ,106 ,114 |
| 75%+ | 1 | 2.2 | 78 |
| Not stated | 29 | 63.0 | 80 ,83 ,86 ,89 ,93–97 ,99–101 ,103 ,104 ,105 ,107–110 ,112 ,113 ,115 ,116 ,118–120 ,122–124 |
| Time for assessment | |||
| <3 months | 1 | 2.2 | 90 |
| 3–6 months | 12 | 26.1 | 84 ,89 ,94–96 ,99 ,102 ,104 ,114–116 ,121 |
| 6–12 months | 13 | 28.3 | 86 ,93 ,103 ,105 ,108 ,111 ,117 ,119 ,120 ,122 ,124 |
| 12+ months | 20 | 43.4 | 78–83 ,85 ,87 ,88 ,92 ,97 ,98 ,100 ,101 ,106 ,107 ,110 ,113 ,118 ,123 |
| Not stated | 1 | 2.2 | 112 |
* May add to more than 100%, because many interventions used multiple components.