Trauma |
Sprain |
Strain |
Fracture |
Dislocation |
Tear of ligament, tendon, or meniscus |
Tendinitis |
Infection |
Gonococcal |
Nongonococcal-viral, mycobacterial, or fungal |
Lyme disease |
Secondary to bacterial endocarditis |
Secondary to enteric and urogenital infections |
Crystal-induced arthropathy |
Gout |
Pseudogout |
Degenerative joint disease |
Osteoarthritis |
Malignancy |
Tumor |
Metastases |
Leukemia |
Rheumatic |
Rheumatoid arthritis |
Reiter syndrome |
Psoriatic arthritis |
Lupus erythematosus |
Ankylosing spondylitis |
Other |
Complex regional pain syndrome |
Sjögren syndrome |
Polymyositis |
Scleroderma |
Sarcoidosis |
Fibromyalgia |
Erythema nodosum |
Sickle cell disease |
Aseptic necrosis |
Charcot |
Drug reaction |
Hypothyroidism |
Irritable bowel syndrome |
Osteochondritis dissecans |
Information from refs. 7, 8, and 13.