Table 5.

Underinsured Versus Adequately Insured: Odds Ratios of Being Underinsured by Patient Demographic and Insurance Characteristics

Demographic Variable	Underinsured Versus Adequately Insured (n = 948)
Demographic Variable	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	P
Sex
Female	2.25 (1.56–3.24)
Unknown	1.28 (0.80–2.05)	<.001
Male	1.00 (1.00–1.00)
Age
≤17	2.51 (1.31–4.81)
18–39	6.18 (3.86–9.92)	<.001
40–64	4.39 (2.74–7.04)
≥65	1.00 (1.00–1.00)
Race/ethnicity^*
African-American (non-Hispanic)	2.63 (1.44–4.83)
Hispanic	1.76 (1.26–2.45)	.001
Other (non-Hispanic)	0.84 (0.42–1.69)
White (non-Hispanic)	1.00 (1.00–1.00)
Rural
Yes	0.85 (0.56–1.29)	.462
No	1.00 (1.00–1.00)
Annual income
<$25,000	2.70 (1.85–3.94)
$25,000–$49,999	2.69 (1.76–4.10)	<.001
Missing	0.92 (0.52–1.62)
≥$50,000	1.00 (1.00–1.00)
General health status
Poor/fair	2.15 (1.59–2.89)
Missing	0.85 (0.37–1.94)	<.001
Good/excellent	1.00 (1.00–1.00)
I pay or a family member pays for my insurance
Yes	1.01 (0.76–1.34)	.967
No	1.00 (1.00–1.00)
My employer or a family member's employer pays for my insurance
Yes	0.65 (0.46–0.90)	.010
No	1.00 (1.00–1.00)
Government pays for my insurance
Yes	0.95 (0.72–1.26)	.722
No	1.00 (1.00–1.00)
Health suffered from inability to get care because of cost^*
Yes	79.21 (38.34–163.64)	<.001
No/don't know	1.00 (1.00–1.00)
Medicaid
Yes	1.21 (0.89–1.64)	.219
No	1.00 (1.00–1.00)
Medicare
Yes	0.47 (0.34–0.64)	<.001
No	1.00 (1.00–1.00)

* Bolded values indicate statistical association at α = 0.01.
Note: Estimated odds ratio and 95% CI are large when underinsured versus insured respondents are compared. This is because of the small number of insured respondents (n = 8) who reported that their health suffered because of high costs.