Patient Characteristics Included in Propensity Score Analysis
| Demographics* | No Opioids | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (median [range]) | 48 (20–72) | 50 (18–79) | 48 (20–74) | 50 (24–81) | 47 (20–68) | .016 |
| Men (%) | 30 | 27 | 32 | 35 | 33 | .45 |
| Race (%) | ||||||
| White | 74 | 76 | 71 | 75 | 85 | .035 |
| African-American | 24 | 21 | 28 | 24 | 14 | |
| Other | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Employment (%) | ||||||
| Full time | 32 | 38 | 27 | 32 | 21 | .098 |
| Part time | 9 | 12 | 16 | 12 | 12 | |
| Student | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Disability | 46 | 40 | 42 | 45 | 55 | |
| Unemployed | 12 | 8 | 14 | 11 | 11 | |
| Pain characteristics† | ||||||
| Average pain (1 = none, 10 = worst imaginable) | 6.0 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 6.2 | .57 |
| Worst pain (1 = none, 10 = worst imaginable) | 8.8 | 8.7 | 8.9 | 8.8 | 9.0 | .35 |
| Duration of pain (median years) | 16.0 | 14.0 | 12.5 | 16.5 | 18.0 | .015 |
| Pain interference (0 = none, 10 = great deal) | 7.0 | 6.9 | 7.5 | 7.4 | 8.0 | .011 |
| Psychological comorbidities‡ | ||||||
| P3 anxiety score (mean) | 43.0 | 44.6 | 44.6 | 44.2 | 44.1 | .67 |
| P3 depression score (mean) | 45.4 | 45.9 | 46.3 | 46.9 | 47.4 | .26 |
| P3 somatization score (mean) | 47.4 | 46.8 | 48.3 | 47.8 | 49.3 | .024 |
| Abuse of legal/illegal substance(s) | 8.6 | 6.0 | 8.0 | 7.7 | 5.7 | .79 |
* From the Addiction Severity Index.
† From the Pain Inventory. Score of 21–45 = below average, score of 46–55 = average, and score of 56–71 = above average.
‡ From the Pain Patient Profile (P3) and the Substance Dependence Severity Scale.