Goal: To identify interventions that can: | Example Smoking Study* | Example Diabetes Study† |
---|---|---|
Reach large numbers of people, especially those who can most benefit. | 76% participation among low income, young female smokers. Participants appeared representative. | 50% participation among primary care diabetes patients. Participants representative on key variables. |
Be effective in producing targeted outcomes at reasonable cost and produce minimal negative impacts, relative to alternatives. | 11% vs. 7% cessation at 6 weeks, P < .05 Quality of life and/or adverse consequences were not measured. Intervention time reported but costs not calculated. | Significant improvement on both preventive assessments and behavioral counseling aspects of care. Both conditions improved on quality of life. Intervention costs estimated at $222 per patient. |
Be widely adopted by many types of settings. | 4 of 4 clinics with most diverse populations in the metro area. | 6% of family medicine and internal medicine physicians throughout Colorado. Those participating were representative on variety of practice characteristics. |
Be consistently implemented by staff members with moderate levels of training and expertise. | 85%–100% implementation by usual clinical staff for all treatment components except calls (43%). | 97% completion of key intervention components. |
Produce replicable and long-lasting maintenance effects. | Cessation differences (11.6% vs. 8.5%) no longer significant. | Effectiveness measures were of equal magnitude and significance at 12-month follow-up as initial 6-month assessment. |
* Information from Glasgow et al.45
† Information from Glasgow et al.46