Percentages of Selected Characteristics by Sleep Disturbance* and Odds Ratios and Confidence Intervals from Hierarchical Logistic Regression Models Predicting Sleep Disturbance (n = 92)
| Characteristic | PSQI score >6 (%) | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | Full Model |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||
| Black | 81.3 | 3.00† (1.17–7.69) | 2.97† (1.15–7.65) | 2.92† (1.15–7.86) | 2.71† (1.04–7.06) | 2.39‡ (0.89–6.42) | 2.91† (1.07–7.94) | 3.15† (1.20–8.26) | 2.44‡ (0.85–7.01) |
| White/other | 59.1 | ||||||||
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 66.7 | (referent) | |||||||
| Female | 71.8 | 1.13 (0.38–3.33) | |||||||
| Employment status | |||||||||
| Employed (full or part time) | 23.1 | (referent) | |||||||
| Unemployed/retired/receiving disability | 76.9 | 2.20 (0.82–5.92) | |||||||
| Income per year | |||||||||
| <$20,000 | 77.2 | 1.93 (0.75–4.97) | |||||||
| ≥$20,000 | 60.0 | ||||||||
| Education level | |||||||||
| No high school diploma or GED | 83.3 | 3.51† (0.98–12.59) | 2.86 (0.73–11.19) | ||||||
| High school diploma/GED and some college | 82.8 | 3.63† (1.12–11.73) | 2.60 (0.74–9.23) | ||||||
| Associate's degree or higher | 53.8 | (referent)‖ | (referent)‖ | ||||||
| CESD-R§ quartiles | |||||||||
| Lowest quartile | 45.0 | (referent)¶ | (referent)¶ | ||||||
| Second quartile | 65.2 | 2.12 (0.60 to 7.56) | 1.74 (0.46 to 6.58) | ||||||
| Third quartile | 80.8 | 4.28† (1.10 to 16.60) | 3.14 (0.77 to 12.87) | ||||||
| Highest quartile | 87.0 | 8.38† (1.78 to 39.60) | 6.37† (1.30 to 31.25) | ||||||
| Morbidity indexxy6* | – | 1.19‡ (0.99 to 1.42) | 1.10 (0.89 to 1.36) |
Model 1 provides the odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) for the unadjusted model of the association between race/ethnicity and sleep disturbance. Models 2 through 7 provide the OR (95% CI) for the adjusted models of the association between race/ethnicity and sleep disturbance (each model's OR is adjusted for a single covariate). The Full Model provides the OR for the fully adjusted model of the association between race/ethnicity and sleep disturbance (after adjusting for all covariates).
↵* Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score >6.
↵† Wald statistic, P ≤ .05.
↵‡ Wald statistic, p < .1.
↵§ Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Revised (CESD-R) scores exclude sleep items.
↵‖ The OR for education level represents the odds compared with the highest education level (having an Associate's or higher degree).
↵¶ The OR for each CESD-R quartile represents the odds compared to the lowest quartile.
↵** The morbidity index is a continuous variable.