Comparison of Demographics, Lifestyle and Metabolic Factors in Relation to Fasting Serum Glucose in Individuals Without Diabetes
| Factor | Serum Glucose <70 mg/dL (n = 20) | Serum Glucose 70–80 mg/dL (n = 294) | Serum Glucose >80 mg/dL (n = 1019) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 38 (30 to 51) | 40 (28 to 51) | 53 (40 to 67) | <0.001 |
| Sex (male) | 6 (30.0%) | 92 (31.3%) | 479 (47.0%) | <0.001 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never smokers | 11 (55.0%) | 154 (52.4%) | 560 (55.0%) | <0.001 |
| Ex-smokers | 2 (10.0%) | 58 (19.7%) | 274 (26.9%) | |
| Current smokers | 7 (35.0%) | 82 (27.9%) | 185 (18.2%) | |
| Alcohol intake | ||||
| 0 to 9 g/week | 7 (35.0%) | 129 (43.9%) | 345 (33.9%) | <0.001 |
| 10 to 139 g/week | 8 (40.0%) | 137 (46.6%) | 395 (38.8%) | |
| 140 to 279 g/week | 4 (20.0%) | 24 (8.2%) | 175 (17.2%) | |
| ≥280 g/week | 1 (5.0%) | 4 (1.4%) | 104 (10.2%) | |
| Regular physical activity | ||||
| Low | 7 (35.0%) | 104 (35.4%) | 397 (39.0%) | 0.450 |
| Moderate | 10 (50.0%) | 107 (36.4%) | 367 (36.0%) | |
| High | 3 (15.0%) | 83 (28.2%) | 255 (25.0%) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.3 (20.8 to 27.2) | 24.6 (22.0 to 27.3) | 28.3 (25.2 to 31.6) | <0.001 |
| Glycated hemoglobin (%) | 5.1 (5.0 to 5.2) | 5.2 (5.1 to 5.4) | 5.5 (5.3 to 5.7) | <0.001 |
| Serum insulin (µ units/mL) | 7.1 (4.4 to 9.3) | 8.5 (5.8 to 11.2) | 11.3 (7.9 to 14.8) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.2 (0.7–1.5) | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.1) | 2.5 (1.7–3.5) | <0.001 |
Data are represented as median and interquartile range (within parentheses) or absolute number and percentage (within parentheses). HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment method for insulin resistance (fasting concentration of serum insulin [µ units/mL] x serum glucose [mg/dL]/405). Glycated hemoglobin values were available for 1,329 individuals.