Table 2.

Characteristics of the Studies Included in the PRECIS-2 Ratings

Study	Country	Study Design	Eligibility Criteria Based on Smoking History	LDCT Arm Characteristics	Control Arm Characteristics	Number of Study Sites	Overall PRECIS-2 Score*
AME Thoracic Surgery Collaborative Group (AME)³¹	China	1:1 randomization • Control: No screening • LDCT frequency: Baseline and one biennial scan	• Ages: 45–70 • Smoking history: Minimum 20 pack years, current or quit within past 10 years. • Other: also enrolled based on additional risk factors, did not necessarily need smoking history	• n = 3,512 • Mean age (±SD): 59.9 (±5.8) • Female: 54% • Currently smoke: 21%	• n = 3,145 • Mean age (±SD): 59.7 (±5.8) • Female: 53% • Currently smoke: 22%	1 screening site	2.83 (±0.41)
DANTE³²	Italy	1:1 randomization • Control: No additional follow-up • LDCT frequency: Baseline and four annual	• Age: 60–74 • Smoking history: Minimum 20 pack years, current or quit within past 10 years • Other: Only males included	• n = 1,264 • Mean age: 64.6 (SEM 0.14) • Female: 0% • Non-white: NR • Currently smoke: 56%	• n = 1,186 • Mean age: 64.6 (SEM 0.12) • Female: 0% • Non-white: NR • Currently smoke: 57%	3 cancer centers within same network	3.00 (±1.00)
DESPISCAN³³	France	1:1 randomization • Control: Chest radiograph • LDCT frequency: Baseline and two annual	• Ages: 50 to 75 • Smoking history: ≥ 15 cigarettes per day for 20 years, current or quit within 15 years	• n = 385 • Median age (range): 56 (47 to 75) • Female: 29% • Non-white: NR • Currently smoke: 65%	• n = 380 • Median age (range): 56 (47 to 76) • Female: 30% • Non-white: NR • Currently smoke: 64%	14 centers	3.11 (±0.78)
Danish Lung Cancer Screening Trial (DLCST)³⁴	Denmark	1:1 randomization • Control: No screening • LDCT frequency: Baseline and four annual	• Ages: 50–70 • Smoking history: Minimum 20 pack years, current or quit after age of 50 and less than 10 years prior	• n = 2,052 • Age over 65: 9% • Female: 45% • Non-White: NR • Currently smoke: 77%	• n = 2,052 • Age over 65: 9% • Female: 44% • Non-White: NR • Currently smoke: 75%	1 medical center	2.12 (±0.83)
ITALUNG³⁵	Italy	1:1 randomization • Control: No screening • LDCT frequency: Baseline and three annual	• Ages: 55–69 • Smoking history: Minimum 20 pack years, current or quit within past 10 years	• n = 1,613 • Age over 65: 18% • Female: 36% • Currently smoke: 66%	• n = 1,593 • Age over 65: 19% • Female: 35% • Currently smoke: 64%	3 screening centers in same region	3.33 (±0.87)
Lung Screening Study (LSS)³⁶	United States	1:1 randomization • Control: Chest radiograph • LDCT frequency: Baseline and one annual	• Ages: 55 to 74 • Smoking history: 30 pack-years and currently smoke or quit within past 10 years	• n = 1,660 • Age > 65: 32% • Female: 42% • Non-White: NR • Currently smoke: 58%	• n = 1,658 • Age ≥ 65: 32% • Female: 41%: • Non-White: NR • Currently smoke: 57%	6 cancer/medical centers	3.33 (±0.50)
German Lung Cancer Screening Intervention Trial (LUSI)³⁷	Germany	1:1 randomization • Control: No screening • LDCT frequency: Baseline and four annual	• Age: 50–69 • Smoking history: 1) 25 cigarettes for 15 years or 2) 10 cigarettes for 30 years, must have quit within past 10 years	• n = 2,029 • Age over 65: 11% • Female: 35% • Non-White: NR • Currently smoke: 38%	• n = 2,023 • Age over 65: 11% • Female: 35% • Non-White: NR • Currently smoke: 38%	1 cancer research Center	2.86 (±1.07)
Multicentric Italian Lung Detection (MILD)³⁸	Italy	1:1:1 randomization (biennial, annual, control) • Control: No screening • LDCT frequency: Baseline and five annual or baseline and three biennial	• Ages: 49–75 • Smoking history: Minimum 20 pack years, current or quit within past 10 years	• n (annual) = 1190 • n (biennial) = 1186 • Age >65 (annual): 15% • Age >65 (biennial): 15% • Female (annual): 32% • Female (biennial): 31% • Currently smoke (annual): 69% • Currently smoke (biennial): 68%	• n = 1,723 • Age >65: 13% • Female: 37% • Currently smoke: 90%	1 cancer institution	3.00 (±1.15)
Dutch-Belgian Randomized Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NELSON)²	Netherlands/Belgium	1:1 randomization • Control: No screening • LDCT frequency: Baseline and follow-up at year 1, year 3. And year 5.5 (1 year, 2 years, and 2.5 year intervals	• Ages: Adult (not specified) • Smoking history: 1) 15 cigarettes/day for 25 years or 2) 10 cigarettes/day for 30 years, current or quit within past 10 years	• n = 7,900 • Age ≥ 65: 17% • Female: 17% • Currently smoke: 56%	• n = 7,892 • Age ≥ 65: 17% • Female: 16% • Currently smoke: 55%	4 screening centers	2.78 (±0.44)
National Lung Screening Trial (NLST)¹	United States	1:1 randomization • Control: Chest radiograph • LDCT frequency: Baseline and two annual	• Age: 55 to 74 • Smoking history: Minimum 30 pack years, current or quit within past 15 years	• n = 26,722 • Age ≥ 65: 27% • Female: 41% • Currently smoke: 48%	• n = 26,732 • Age ≥ 65: 27% • Female: 41% • Currently smoke: 52%	33 screening centers	3.11 (±0.78)
UK Lung Cancer Screening (UKLS)³⁹	United Kingdom	1:1 randomization • Control: No screening • LDCT frequency: based on work-up protocol	• Ages: 50 to 75 • Other: 5-year lung cancer risk of ≥5%, calculated by Liverpool Lung Project	• n = 2,028 • Mean age (S.D.): 67.1 (4.1) • Female: 25% • Currently smoke: 38%	• n = 2,027 • Mean age (SD): 66.9 (4.1) • Female: 26% • Currently smoke: 39%	2 hospitals	2.55 (±0.53)
VA Demonstration Project²⁶	United States	N/A^†	• Age: 55 to 80 • Smoking history: Minimum 30 pack year, current or quit within 15 years	• n = 2,106 • Mean Age (SD): 64.9 (5.1) • Female: 4% • Currently smoke: 57%	N/A^†	8 sites affiliated with academic medical centers	3.00 (±1.19)

↵* PRECIS-2 ratings are presented as mean (±standard deviation). Each rating anchor was developed for the decentralized primary care lens.
† Study design and control arm characteristics are not available for the VA Demonstration Project because it is not a randomized controlled trial.
Abbreviations: LDCT, low-dose computed tomography; PRECIS, PRagmatic Explanatory Continuum Indicator Summary; SD, standard deviation; SEM, standard error mean.