Methodological Quality Assessment of Included Prediction Models following the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST) Guidelines
| Study | Participants | Predictors | Outcome | Analysis | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frost DW, et al., 2017 | − | − | − | ? | − |
| Howell P, & Elkin PL., 2019 | − | ? | ? | − | ? |
| Pearce et al., 2019 | − | + | − | + | + |
| Hu Z, et al., 2015 | − | − | − | − | − |
| Hao et al., 2014 | + | − | − | + | + |
| Bhavsar et al., 2018 | − | − | ? | + | + |
| Crane et al., 2010 | − | − | + | + | + |
| Rahimian et al., 2018 | − | − | − | − | − |
| Gao et al., 2014 | − | ? | + | ? | + |
| Perkins et at., 2013 | − | − | + | + | + |
| Morawski et al., 2020 | − | + | − | + | + |
| Shadmi et al., 2015 | − | ? | + | + | + |
| Brisimi et al., 2018 | − | + | + | ? | + |
| Wallace et al., 2016 | + | − | + | + | + |
| Chenore et al., 2013 | − | − | − | + | + |
| Donnan et al., 2008 | − | − | − | + | + |
| Watson et al., 2011 | − | − | − | + | − |
| Hippisley-Cox et al., 2013 | − | − | − | − | − |
| Nijhawan et al., 2012 | − | + | − | + | + |
| Zeltzer et al., 2019 | − | ? | − | + | + |
| Wang et al., 2013 | − | − | − | + | + |
| Simon et al., 2018 | − | + | − | + | + |
| Glanz et al., 2018 | − | − | − | ? | + |
| DelPozo-Banos et al., 2018 | − | − | − | + | + |
| Hippisley-Cox, 2017 | − | − | − | − | − |
| Barak-Corren et al., 2017 | − | − | − | + | + |
| Bloom et al., 2019 | − | − | − | − | − |
| Jung et al., 2019 | − | − | − | + | + |
| Mathias et al., 2013 | + | − | − | ? | + |
| Tierney et al., 1997 | − | ? | − | + | + |
| O’Mahony et al., 2014 | − | + | − | + | + |
Note: ROB, risk of bias.
− indicates low ROB; + indicates high ROB; and ? indicates unclear ROB.