Adjusted Associations between Personal and Practice Characteristics with Income for Direct Patient Care Early-Career Family Physicians 2017–2020
| Independent Variable | Income Coef./(Std. Err.) | P value |
|---|---|---|
| Gender: Female | −$31,804 (1978) | 0.001 |
| Ref: Male | ||
| Weekly Hours Worked | $620 (46) | 0.001 |
| Degree Type: D.O. | −$1,603 (2080) | 0.441 |
| Ref: M.D. | ||
| Principal Professional Activity | ||
| Ref: Continuity Care | ||
| Emergency Medicine | $131,318 (4920) | 0.001 |
| Geriatrics | −$12,784 (15,633) | 0.414 |
| Hospitalist | $50,072 (3039) | 0.001 |
| Palliative Care | $4,099 (9798) | 0.676 |
| Sports Medicine | $3,346 (9740) | 0.731 |
| Urgent Care | $8,798 (4074) | 0.031 |
| Other | −$21,917 (8141) | 0.007 |
| Population Density: Rural | $21,210 (2293) | 0.001 |
| Ref: Urban | ||
| Region | ||
| Ref: West | ||
| Midwest | $4,226 (2285) | 0.064 |
| Northeast | −$14,177 (2686) | 0.001 |
| South | −$2,120 (2097) | 0.312 |
| Race | ||
| Ref: White | ||
| Asian | −$830 (3122) | 0.790 |
| Black or African American | −$5,189 (5581) | 0.353 |
| Other | −$3,898 (7346) | 0.596 |
| Interaction | ||
| Female*Black or African American | $3,221 (6750) | 0.633 |
| Female*Asian | −$2,944 (4058) | 0.468 |
| Female*Other | $6,016 (9516) | 0.596 |
| Ethnicity: Hispanic or Latino | $256 (3005) | 0.932 |
| Ref: Not Hispanic or Latino | ||
| % of Time in Care Modality | ||
| Ref: Direct patient care | ||
| Administrative activities | −$57,182 (11,105) | 0.001 |
| Telephone patient care | −$32,651 (6349) | 0.001 |
| E-visits | −$38,295 (14,942) | 0.010 |
| Teaching/precepting | −$41,140 (7131) | 0.001 |
| Other | −$97,562 (13,624) | 0.001 |
| R2 | 0.2489 |
Note: Data collected by the ABFM from board-certified Diplomates three years after completing residency. Incomes have been adjusted for inflation using the CPI-U to reflect their value in 2020 dollars.