Adjusted Associations between Personal and Practice Characteristics with Income for Direct Patient Care Early-Career Family Physicians 2017–2020
Independent Variable | Income Coef./(Std. Err.) | P value |
---|---|---|
Gender: Female | −$31,804 (1978) | 0.001 |
Ref: Male | ||
Weekly Hours Worked | $620 (46) | 0.001 |
Degree Type: D.O. | −$1,603 (2080) | 0.441 |
Ref: M.D. | ||
Principal Professional Activity | ||
Ref: Continuity Care | ||
Emergency Medicine | $131,318 (4920) | 0.001 |
Geriatrics | −$12,784 (15,633) | 0.414 |
Hospitalist | $50,072 (3039) | 0.001 |
Palliative Care | $4,099 (9798) | 0.676 |
Sports Medicine | $3,346 (9740) | 0.731 |
Urgent Care | $8,798 (4074) | 0.031 |
Other | −$21,917 (8141) | 0.007 |
Population Density: Rural | $21,210 (2293) | 0.001 |
Ref: Urban | ||
Region | ||
Ref: West | ||
Midwest | $4,226 (2285) | 0.064 |
Northeast | −$14,177 (2686) | 0.001 |
South | −$2,120 (2097) | 0.312 |
Race | ||
Ref: White | ||
Asian | −$830 (3122) | 0.790 |
Black or African American | −$5,189 (5581) | 0.353 |
Other | −$3,898 (7346) | 0.596 |
Interaction | ||
Female*Black or African American | $3,221 (6750) | 0.633 |
Female*Asian | −$2,944 (4058) | 0.468 |
Female*Other | $6,016 (9516) | 0.596 |
Ethnicity: Hispanic or Latino | $256 (3005) | 0.932 |
Ref: Not Hispanic or Latino | ||
% of Time in Care Modality | ||
Ref: Direct patient care | ||
Administrative activities | −$57,182 (11,105) | 0.001 |
Telephone patient care | −$32,651 (6349) | 0.001 |
E-visits | −$38,295 (14,942) | 0.010 |
Teaching/precepting | −$41,140 (7131) | 0.001 |
Other | −$97,562 (13,624) | 0.001 |
R2 | 0.2489 |
Note: Data collected by the ABFM from board-certified Diplomates three years after completing residency. Incomes have been adjusted for inflation using the CPI-U to reflect their value in 2020 dollars.