Table 3.

Adjusted Associations between Personal and Practice Characteristics with Income for Direct Patient Care Early-Career Family Physicians 2017–2020

Independent VariableIncome Coef./(Std. Err.)P value
Gender: Female−$31,804 (1978)0.001
 Ref: Male
Weekly Hours Worked$620 (46)0.001
Degree Type: D.O.−$1,603 (2080)0.441
 Ref: M.D.
Principal Professional Activity
 Ref: Continuity Care
 Emergency Medicine$131,318 (4920)0.001
 Geriatrics−$12,784 (15,633)0.414
 Hospitalist$50,072 (3039)0.001
 Palliative Care$4,099 (9798)0.676
 Sports Medicine$3,346 (9740)0.731
 Urgent Care$8,798 (4074)0.031
 Other−$21,917 (8141)0.007
Population Density: Rural$21,210 (2293)0.001
 Ref: Urban
Region
 Ref: West
 Midwest$4,226 (2285)0.064
 Northeast−$14,177 (2686)0.001
 South−$2,120 (2097)0.312
Race
 Ref: White
 Asian−$830 (3122)0.790
 Black or African American−$5,189 (5581)0.353
 Other−$3,898 (7346)0.596
Interaction
 Female*Black or African American$3,221 (6750)0.633
 Female*Asian−$2,944 (4058)0.468
 Female*Other$6,016 (9516)0.596
Ethnicity: Hispanic or Latino$256 (3005)0.932
 Ref: Not Hispanic or Latino
% of Time in Care Modality
 Ref: Direct patient care
 Administrative activities−$57,182 (11,105)0.001
 Telephone patient care−$32,651 (6349)0.001
 E-visits−$38,295 (14,942)0.010
 Teaching/precepting−$41,140 (7131)0.001
 Other−$97,562 (13,624)0.001
 R20.2489
  • Note: Data collected by the ABFM from board-certified Diplomates three years after completing residency. Incomes have been adjusted for inflation using the CPI-U to reflect their value in 2020 dollars.