Appendix Table 2.

Sensitivity Analyses for Primary Outcomes over Time^a

		Outcome
		Low Back Pain Intensity			Back-Related Disability			Pain Impact
Treatment Group	n	Mean	95% CI	P	Mean	95% CI	P	Mean	95% CI	P
Overall Analysis
Control	201	5.99	5.74-6.24	0.48	14.88	14.09-15.67	0.38	31.38	30.19-32.57	0.14
LTOT	201	6.11	5.86-6.36		15.38	14.59-16.17		32.64	31.45-33.83
Analysis for Continuous Duration of LTOT
Control	201	5.99	5.74-6.24	0.57	14.88	14.09-15.67	0.85	31.38	30.18-32.57	0.55
LTOT (months)
3	43	5.89	5.32-6.46		15.78	14.05-17.51		31.73	29.12-34.34
6	23	6.52	5.78-7.25		15.83	13.50-18.17		33.50	29.97-37.03
9	16	5.76	4.88-6.65		15.55	12.75-18.35		32.01	27.79-36.23
12	119	6.15	5.83-6.48		15.13	14.11-16.16		32.88	31.33-34.43
Analysis for Opioid Dose Response Based on Number of Quarters Used
Control	201	5.99	5.74-6.24	0.68	14.88	14.09-15.67	0.78	31.38	30.18-32.57	0.60
LTOT (quarters)
1	25	5.67	4.89-6.44		15.84	13.55-18.13		31.48	28.02-34.94
2	23	6.36	5.62-7.10		15.12	12.79-17.46		33.02	29.49-36.56
3	34	6.08	5.47-6.69		16.11	14.19-18.02		32.35	29.46-35.25
4	119	6.16	5.83-6.48		15.13	14.11-16.16		32.88	31.33-34.43
Analysis for Opioid Dose Response Based on Baseline MME Dosage
Control	201	5.99	5.74-6.24	0.89	14.88	14.09-15.67	0.44	31.38	30.19-32.57	0.45
LTOT (MMEs)
≤30	100	6.14	5.78-6.49		14.85	13.74-15.97		32.26	30.57-33.95
>30 to <50	66	6.13	5.70-6.57		16.10	14.72-17.47		33.18	31.10-35.27
≥50	35	6.01	5.41-6.62		15.54	13.65-17.43		32.72	29.85-35.58
Analysis for Continuous Opioid Use or Abstinence for 12 Months
Control	132	5.65	5.35-5.95	0.03	13.86	12.90-14.83	0.08	29.68	28.25-31.10	0.003
LTOT	119	6.14	5.82-6.46		15.12	14.11-16.14		32.87	31.37-34.37

Abbreviations: LTOT, long-term opioid therapy; MME, morphine milligram equivalent; CI, confidence interval.
↵Notes: ^aPain intensity was measured with a numerical rating scale (0-10). Back-related disability was measured with the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (0-24). Pain impact was measured using low back pain intensity and the physical function and pain interference scales of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (8-50). Higher values represent worse outcomes on each measure. Results were computed using linear mixed methods. Table entries represent mean results and P values for the observations reported from 3 months through 12 months, following determination of treatment group membership and participant matching.