Post-Hoc Differences Among Victims of Intimate Partner Violence on Social Functioning, Stress, and COVID-19 Concerns
| Effect Size Estimatesa | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Class 1: Moderate Emotional IPV (n = 42) | Class 2: Moderate Emotional IPV with High Hostile Withdrawal (n = 24) | Class 3: Physical and Emotional IPV (n = 14) | Class 4: Low IPV (n = 27) | p | Class 1 versus Class 2 | Class 1 versus Class 3 | Class 1 versus Class 4 | Class 2 versus Class 3 | Class 2 versus Class 4 | Class 3 versus Class 4 | |
| Perceived emotional support | 55.65 (7.56) | 56.73 (7.52) | 55.46 (7.67) | 50.92 (8.15) | 56.58 (6.61) | 0.078 | 0.17 | 0.74 | 0.02 | 0.57 | 0.16 | 0.76 |
| Change in emotional support (T2 - T1) | −1.45 (6.07) | −1.14 (6.24) | −2.68 (6.40) | −1.03 (4.80) | −1.07 (6.27) | 0.545 | 0.24 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.29 | 0.25 | 0.01 |
| Perceived ostracism | 7.48 (3.15) | 7.24 (2.85) | 7.46 (3.28) | 8.93 (3.75) | 7.11 (3.11) | 0.227 | 0.07 | 0.51 | 0.04 | 0.42 | 0.11 | 0.53 |
| Perceived stress | 15.44 (6.55) | 16.45 (6.35) | 16.00 (5.76) | 16.64 (6.98) | 12.74 (6.88) | 0.104 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.56 | 0.10 | 0.51 | 0.56 |
| Change in perceived stress (T2 - T1) | −0.15 (5.52) | −0.71 (5.35) | −0.33 (5.26) | 0.36 (5.87) | 0.63 (5.98) | 0.848 | 0.07 | 0.19 | 0.24 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.05 |
| Concerns about social isolation | 2.86 (1.25) | 2.83 (1.23) | 2.83 (1.27) | 3.14 (1.23) | 2.78 (1.31) | 0.784 | 0.00 | 0.25 | 0.04 | 0.25 | 0.04 | 0.29 |
| Concerns about loss of social support | 2.18 (1.16) | 2.00 (1.15) | 2.63 (1.31) | 2.57 (1.02) | 1.85 (0.95) | 0.042 | 0.51 | 0.53 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.68 | 0.73 |
| Concerns about worsening of medical problems | 2.04 (1.20) | 1.95 (1.19) | 2.21 (1.14) | 2.50 (1.35) | 1.78 (1.16) | 0.155 | 0.22 | 0.43 | 0.15 | 0.23 | 0.38 | 0.58 |
| Concerns about worsening of mental health | 2.52 (1.14) | 2.57 (1.13) | 2.83 (1.31) | 2.43 (1.09) | 2.22 (0.97) | 0.334 | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.53 | 0.20 |
Abbreviation: IPV, Intimate partner violence.
Note: Contingency analyses with associated χ2 tests were run for categorical variables. Fisher’s exact tests were run where expected counts were < 5. Kruskal-Wallis rank sum tests were run for continuous variables. aEffect size estimates use the absolute value of Cohen's d. Boldfaced effect sizes indicate medium to large effect sizes using a cutoff of d > .50. For Change in Perceived Stress, one was added to each value before calculating effect size estimates.