Characteristics of Articles Included in Systematic Scoping Review (n = 42)
| Author, Year | Provider Sample Size (n) | Patient Sample Size (n) | Study Design | Type of Data | Study Provider Population | Patient Population | Healthcare Setting | Study Setting | Race/ Ethnicity of Patient Population* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beck et al., 201238 | n/a | 639 | Descriptive | Quantitative | Clinicians | Pediatrics | Primary Care | Urban | 20% White |
| 71% African American (AA) | |||||||||
| 9% other | |||||||||
| Berry et al., 202072 | 28 | n/a | Descriptive; pilot | Qualitative | Leadership, frontline staff, volunteers, and primary care providers | Adults | Primary Care | Urban | 90% “Patients of color” |
| Bittner et al., 202131 | n/a | 100,097 | Descriptive | Quantitative | n/a | Pediatrics | Primary Care | Rural, urban, suburban | 4% Asian |
| 4% Non-Hispanic (NH) Black | |||||||||
| 9% Hispanic or Latino | |||||||||
| 60% NH White | |||||||||
| 22% Other/unknown | |||||||||
| Bleacher et al., 201932 | n/a | 2018 | Descriptive (case study) | Quantitative | n/a | All ages | Primary Care | Urban | 60% White |
| 13% AA | |||||||||
| Broaddus-Shea et al., 202268 | 10 | 20 | Descriptive | Qualitative | Clinic staff involved in social screening / navigation | Adults | Primary care | Rural | 2.5% Hispanic |
| 7% NH White | |||||||||
| 0.5% Native American | |||||||||
| Browne et al., 202169 | 15 | n/a | Descriptive | Qualitative | Community resource staff, managers from CHCs and hospitals | Population screened not specified | Primary Care | Not specified (intended to be nationally represent-ative) | n/a |
| Buitron de la Vega et al., 201939 | n/a | 1696 | Descriptive | Quantitative | n/a | Adults | Primary Care | Urban | 32% NH White 40% NH Black/AA |
| 4% Native American/American Indian | |||||||||
| 24% Declined | |||||||||
| <1% Hispanic/Latinx, Native Hawaiian/Pacific islander (PI) | |||||||||
| Byhoff et al., 201770 | n/a | n/a | Descriptive | Qualitative | n/a | All ages | Primary Care | Rural, urban, suburban | Health center characteristics: |
| 56% NH White | |||||||||
| 27% NH Black/AA | |||||||||
| 16% Hispanic | |||||||||
| 13% Other | |||||||||
| Chisolm et al., 201971 | 24 | n/a | Descriptive | Mixed methods | State Medicaid representatives | Medicaid population | State Medicaid medical directors | Not specified | n/a |
| Colvin et al., 201640 | 87 | n/a | Experimental (post-intervention with non-randomized comparison group) | Mixed methods | Pediatric, Med-Peds interns | Pediatrics | Inpatient | Urban | 54% NH White 22% NH Black 15% Hispanic 22% Other 2% Asian/PI (API)/Native American |
| Cottrell et al., 201933 | n/a | 31,549 | Descriptive | Quantitative | n/a | All ages | Primary Care | Not specified | 30% NH White 31% NH Black |
| 25% Hispanic | |||||||||
| 11% NH Other | |||||||||
| 4% Missing | |||||||||
| Drake et al., 202166 | 7+ (exact n unclear) | n/a | Descriptive | Qualitative | Clinical champions, administrators, and front-line staff involved in social screening program | All ages | Primary Care (Family medicine, Internal medicine, Pediatrics) | Rural, urban, suburban | n/a |
| Drake et al., 202165 | 5 | 10 | Descriptive | Qualitative | Clinical case managers | Adults | Primary Care | Unclear (“medium-sized city”) | Interviewees: 80% NH |
| 20% Hispanic | |||||||||
| Screened patients: | |||||||||
| 49% NH Black | |||||||||
| 35% Hispanic | |||||||||
| Emengo et al., 202067 | n/a | 7 | Descriptive | Qualitative | n/a | Adult caregivers of pediatric patients | Primary Care | Urban | 92% Non-White |
| Fiori et al., 201941 | n/a | 4162 | Descriptive | Mixed methods | Clinicians | Pediatrics | Primary Care | Urban | n/a |
| Fiori et al., 202134 | 694 | 53,093 | Descriptive (retrospective chart review) | Quantitative | Pediatric, family medicine, internal medicine clinicians | All ages | Primary Care | Urban | 15% NH White 21% NH Black 23% Hispanic |
| 19% API | |||||||||
| 16% American Indian/Alaska Native | |||||||||
| Freibott et al., 202135 | 5 | 662 | Descriptive; quality improvement | Mixed methods | Hospital staff involved in screening | Mix of populations including adults, geriatric | Primary care; Specialty; Emergency dept | Rural, urban | Race: 62% White 11% Black 5% “Other" 22% Unknown |
| Ethnicity: 26% Hispanic/Latinx | |||||||||
| Garg et al., 200760 | 45 | 200 | Experimental (randomized trial) | Quantitative | Pediatric residents | Adult caregivers of pediatric patients | Primary Care | Urban | Caregivers: 91% Black |
| Godecker et al., 201361 | 6 | 733 | Descriptive | Quantitative | RNs, CHWs | Adults; pregnant women | Specialty (OB-GYN) | Urban | 4% NH White 70% NH Black |
| 5% Hispanic | |||||||||
| 18% API | |||||||||
| Gold et al., 201836 | 24 | 1130 | Descriptive | Mixed methods | Care team members | All ages | Primary Care | Not specified | Patients screened: |
| Site A: | |||||||||
| 90% White | |||||||||
| 7% Hispanic | |||||||||
| Site B: | |||||||||
| 85% White | |||||||||
| 20% Hispanic | |||||||||
| Site C: | |||||||||
| 71% White | |||||||||
| 15% Hispanic | |||||||||
| Gottlieb et al., 201462 | n/a | 538 | Experimental (randomized trial) | Quantitative | n/a | Adult caregivers of pediatric patients | Emergency Dept | Urban | 57% Hispanic 25% NH Black 5% NH White |
| 13% Other/Multiethnic | |||||||||
| Greenwood-Ericksen et al., 202163 | 23 | n/a | Descriptive | Qualitative | Medical directors, CHWs, RN case managers across 5 CHCs | All ages | Primary Care | Rural, urban, suburban | n/a |
| Higginbotham et al., 201942 | n/a | 53 | Descriptive; quality improvement | Quantitative | n/a | Pediatrics | Primary Care | Rural | Predominantly White (percentage not provided) |
| Jones et al., 202164 | 611 | n/a | Descriptive | Quantitative | Physicians, nurse practitioners | Pediatrics | Primary Care (Family medicine and pediatrics) | Rural, urban, suburban | n/a |
| Kim et al., 202158 | 61 | 327 | Descriptive | Mixed methods | Staff involved with screening | Adults (Geriatric; aged 65+) | Primary Care | Urban | Clinic A: not described Clinic B: |
| 59% AA | |||||||||
| 3% Hispanic | |||||||||
| 3% Asian | |||||||||
| Clinic C: | |||||||||
| >60% Hispanic Non-White | |||||||||
| 24% AA | |||||||||
| Kocielnik et al., 201959 | n/a | 30 | Descriptive; pilot | Mixed methods | n/a | Adults | Emergency Dept. | Urban | 20% White 27% Black/AA 30% Hispanic 7% Multiple race 13% Other/decline to answer |
| LaForge et al., 201856 | n/a | n/a | Descriptive (case studies) | Qualitative | n/a | All ages | Primary Care | Not specified | n/a |
| Morgenlander et al., 201957 | 65 | n/a | Descriptive | Quantitative | Clinic directors | Pediatrics | Primary Care | Not specified (national survey of pediatric residency continuity clinic directors) | Patients from participating clinics: 28% had 26 to 50% White patients 22% had 26 to 50% Black patients 26% had 26 to 50% Hispanic patients |
| Murray et al., 202237 | n/a | 1258 | Descriptive | Quantitative | n/a | All ages | Emergency Dept | Urban | Patients screened pre- versus post-COVID: |
| 43% versus 47% White | |||||||||
| 29% versus 18% Black | |||||||||
| 6% versus 3% American Indian | |||||||||
| 13% versus 16% Other | |||||||||
| 43% versus 48% Hispanic | |||||||||
| Oldfield et al., 202153 | n/a | 175 | Descriptive | Quantitative | n/a | Adult caregivers of pediatric patients; Adolescent patients | Primary Care | Urban | 82% Latinx caregivers 95% Latinx adolescents 49% Mixed Race/Other caregivers 62% Mixed Race/Other adolescents |
| O'Toole et al., 201343 | 36 | n/a | Experimental (pre-/post-intervention) | Mixed methods | Pediatric and Med-Peds residents | Pediatrics; All ages | Primary Care | Urban | n/a |
| Page-Reeves et al., 201654 | n/a | 3048 | Descriptive; pilot | Quantitative | n/a | All ages | Primary Care | Urban | n/a |
| Palakshappa et al., 202155 | 27 | 219 | Descriptive (retrospective chart review) | Quantitative | Physicians, advanced practice practitioners, RNs, staff | Adults | Primary Care | Urban | 23% NH White 64% NH Black 13% Hispanic 1% Other |
| Patel et al., 201844 | n/a | 322 | Experimental (pre-/post-intervention); retrospective chart review | Qualitative | Resident physicians | Pediatrics | Primary Care | Urban | 54% Not Hispanic/Latinx 8% Hispanic/Latinx 38% Unknown |
| Power-Hays et al., 202045 | n/a | 132 | Descriptive; quality improvement | Mixed methods | n/a | Pediatrics | Specialty clinic (hematology) | Urban | n/a |
| Sand, 202146 | n/a | 78 | Experimental (pre-/post-intervention); pilot | Quantitative | n/a | Adults | Primary Care | Not specified | 62% White 13% Black 24% Hispanic 1% Asian |
| Schwartz et al., 202047 | 373 | n/a | Descriptive | Quantitative | Hospitalists, RNs | Pediatrics | Inpatient | Urban | n/a |
| Silva et al., 202148 | n/a | 890 | Descriptive (retrospective chart review) | Quantitative | Residents, faculty | Pediatrics | Primary Care | Urban | n/a |
| Sokol et al., 202152 | 13 | n/a | Descriptive | Qualitative | Physicians, Nurse practitioners | Pediatrics | 10 different Pediatric settings | Not specified | n/a |
| Vasan et al., 202049 | 92 | n/a | Descriptive | Quantitative | Residents | Pediatrics | Pediatric residents across multiple settings | Urban | n/a |
| Wallace et al., 202050 | n/a | 210 | Descriptive | Mixed methods | Staff | Adults | Emergency Dept | Urban | n/a |
| Wallace et al., 202151 | 8 | 10 Patients in focus group; 2821 patients screened | Descriptive | Mixed methods | Registration staff | Adults | Emergency Dept | Urban | Focus group patients: 40% White 20% Black 10% API 20% Hispanic/Latinx |
| Patients screened: | |||||||||
| 79% White | |||||||||
| 14% Hispanic/Latinx | |||||||||
| 4% Black/AA | |||||||||
| 2% Asian | |||||||||
| 12% Other |
↵* Race/ethnicity categories are as reported in the original article.
Abbreviations: CHWs, community health workers; RN, registered nurse; CHCs, community health centers.