Adjusted Association of Urine Drug Testing by Patient and Prescriber Factors
| aIRR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|
| Female sex (vs male) | 0.9 (0.9,1.0) | 0.21 |
| Race (vs White) | ||
| Black | 1.2 (1.0,1.4) | 0.01 |
| Asian | 0.7 (0.5,1.0) | 0.04 |
| Other | 1.0 (0.8,1.2) | 0.91 |
| Age, years (vs <30) | ||
| 30 to 49 | 1.4 (1.0,2.0) | 0.08 |
| 50 to 64 | 1.3 (0.9,1.9) | 0.13 |
| 65 to 84 | 1.3 (0.9,1.8) | 0.18 |
| 85+ | 0.8 (0.5,1.3) | 0.42 |
| Medicaid (vs other insurance) | 1.0 (0.7,1.4) | 0.9 |
| English language preferred (vs non-English) | 1.0 (0.7,1.4) | 0.92 |
| No. opioid prescriptions | 1.1 (1.1,1.1) | <0.01 |
| Max. daily dose opioids | 1.0 (1.0,1.0) | 0.94 |
| No. office visits | 1.0 (1.0,1.0) | 0.27 |
| Prescriber specialty (vs Family Medicine) | ||
| Internal Medicine | 1.6 (1.3,1.9) | <0.01 |
| Specialist | 0.6 (0.5,0.7) | <0.01 |
| Female prescriber (vs male) | 1.3 (1.0,1.5) | 0.02 |
Notes: Negative binomial regression modeling the adjusted association between patient and prescriber factors and urine drug testing. Statistical significance set at P < .05.
Abbreviations: aIRR, adjusted incidence rate ratio; Max daily dose opioids, highest MME (morphine milliequivalent) per day during the study year; CI, confidence interval.