Appendix 2.

Mean Adjusted Number of Emergency Department Visits/Hospitalizations per Quarter in High-Risk Patients by Race/Ethnicity, Age Group, and Rurality

Acute Care Type	Mean per Patient per Quarter (SD)
Acute Care Type	Prepandemic	Early Pandemic	Midpandemic
Emergency department visits
Race/ethnicity
White	0.19	0.16	0.19
Black	0.23	0.18	0.23
Hispanic	0.24	0.19	0.24
Other	0.20	0.16	0.19
Age group
<65	0.23	0.18	0.21
65 to 70	0.20	0.16	0.20
71+	0.19	0.16	0.20
Rurality
Rural	0.17	0.14	0.18
Urban	0.22	0.18	0.22
All-cause medical/surgical hospitalizations	0.10	0.07	0.08
Race/ethnicity
White	0.10	0.08	0.10
Black	0.09	0.08	0.10
Hispanic	0.11	0.09	0.10
Other	0.10	0.08	0.10
Age group
<65	0.11	0.09	0.10
65 to 70	0.09	0.08	0.10
71+	0.09	0.07	0.09
Rurality
Rural	0.09	0.07	0.09
Urban	0.10	0.08	0.10
Hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions
Race/ethnicity
White	0.02	0.02	0.02
Black	0.02	0.02	0.02
Hispanic	0.02	0.02	0.02
Other	0.02	0.02	0.02
Age group
<65	0.03	0.02	0.02
65 to 70	0.02	0.02	0.02
71+	0.02	0.01	0.02
Rurality
Rural	0.02	0.02	0.02
Urban	0.02	0.02	0.02
Hospitalization for diabetes complications	0.010	0.007	0.007
Race/ethnicity
White	0.009	0.007	0.009
Black	0.010	0.007	0.009
Hispanic	0.010	0.008	0.009
Other	0.009	0.007	0.009
Age group
<65	0.014	0.010	0.012
65 to 70	0.008	0.007	0.009
71+	0.007	0.006	0.007
Rurality
Rural	0.008	0.007	0.010
Urban	0.010	0.007	0.010

Mean number of hospitalizations and ED visits were estimated from Poisson regression models adjusting for race/ethnicity, age group, and rurality and pandemic phase and their interaction terms, quarter, patients’ sociodemographic characteristics, Elixhauser comorbidity, comorbid depression, distance to primary care site, clinic factors, and community rate of COVID infections. Hospitalizations for diabetes complications were estimated using a logistic model.
Abbreviations: ED, emergency department; SD, standard deviation.