Appendix 1 Table 1.

Participant Sampling Frames and Recruitment Strategies

Participant Group	Sampling Frame	Eligibility Criteria	Recruitment
PHC patients	Purposive maximum variation (age, gender, race and ethnicity, education level, income, province of residence)	English-speaking	Online advertisements (Kijiji, social media channels) in 10 provinces
		Aged 18 or older	Patient advisor distribution list^*
		Visited PHC provider at least once in last year (virtual or in-person)
PHC providers	Purposive maximum variation (gender, race and ethnicity, provider type, country of health professions education, years in practice, practice size, and province of practice)	Any provider or administrative support person working in a PHC setting	Emailed invitation from Dr. Andrew Pinto (AP) to PHC colleagues interested in digital health or health informatics
		Worked at least one clinical day per week	Emailed invitation from AP to practice colleagues^†
			Online advertisements (social media channels, PHC research network news channels)
System leaders	Critical case	Involved in digital health, health informatics, or PHC governance	Emailed invitation from AP send to individuals within study team members’ professional networks and those in relevant roles listed on health ministry public directories in 5 provinces^‡

↵* Patient advisory network in British Columbia, patient-family advisory council of downtown Toronto hospital.
↵^†Downtown Toronto academic family health team.
↵^‡British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario.
Abbreviation: PHC, primary health care.