Selected Covariates by Multimorbidity (in Weighted Percentages)* in Observed Data
| No multimorbidity | Multimorbidity | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Covariate | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | P± |
| Age, continuous | 45.4 (0.3)± ± | 55.9 (0.3) | <0.0001 |
| Sex (male) | 52.2 | 45.6 | <0.0001 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Mexican American | 10.2 | 6.4 | <0.0001 |
| Other Hispanic | 6.2 | 5.1 | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 63.7 | 71.6 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 10.0 | 11.0 | |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 7.8 | 3.3 | |
| Other | 2.0 | 2.7 | |
| Education | <0.0001 | ||
| <9th grade | 5.0 | 4.9 | |
| 9th to 11th grade | 8.9 | 9.9 | |
| High school diploma or equivalent | 19.4 | 21.3 | |
| Some college/associate’s degree | 26.7 | 33.9 | |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 40.0 | 30.1 | |
| Marital status | <0.0001 | ||
| Married | 65.5 | 60.4 | |
| Widowed | 2.3 | 7.6 | |
| Divorced | 10.7 | 14.4 | |
| Separated | 2.5 | 2.7 | |
| Never married | 11.7 | 9.7 | |
| Living with partner | 7.3 | 5.2 | |
| Monthly household income | |||
| Low ($0–$1649) | 15.9 | 20.2 | <0.0001 |
| Middle ($1650–$4599) | 34.3 | 39.2 | |
| High (≥$4600) | 49.8 | 40.6 | |
| Length of time since last dentist visit | 0.012 | ||
| 0 to 6 months | 49.2 | 53.2 | |
| 6 months to 1 year | 14.0 | 13.8 | |
| 1 to 2 years | 12.1 | 10.5 | |
| 2 to 3 years | 5.9 | 6.6 | |
| 3 to 5 y ears | 6.2 | 5.9 | |
| 5+ years | 11.3 | 9.5 | |
| Never visited dentist | 1.2 | 0.5 | |
| Needed dental in last year and didn’t get it (yes) | 15.0 | 18.6 | 0.006 |
| Current smoker | <0.0001 | ||
| Every day | 37.2 | 30.6 | |
| Some days | 8.8 | 5.5 | |
| Not at all | 54.0 | 63.9 | |
| Averages 2+ drinks per day (yes) | 33.3 | 29.6 | 0.003 |
| Number of prescriptions | |||
| 0–1 | 82.0 | 33.9 | <0.0001 |
| 2–4 | 15.9 | 39.0 | |
| 5–10 | 2.1 | 24.1 | |
| ≥11 | 0.0 | 3.1 | |
| Health insurance coverage (yes) | 76.6 | 87.5 | <0.0001 |
| General health condition | <0.0001 | ||
| Excellent | 17.7 | 6.2 | |
| Very good | 38.7 | 27.8 | |
| Good | 34.8 | 43.3 | |
| Fair | 8.3 | 18.8 | |
| Poor | 0.5 | 3.9 |
Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.
*Numbers are weighted column percentages.
±P-value is for chi-sq test for difference by MM/no MM; for continous age is from a t-test.
±±Mean (Standard Deviation).