First Author (Year)GRADE ScoreRationale for GRADE Score
Wylie (2012) Very low
  • Small, nonrepresentative convenience sample based in a single health care setting

  • Exploratory and cross-sectional study design

  • Responses self-reported

Hassan (2013)Very low
  • Small, nonrepresentative convenience sample based in a single health care setting

  • Exploratory and cross-sectional study design

  • Responses self-reported

Colvin (2016)Very low
  • Small, nonrepresentative convenience sample based in in multiple health care settings within the same system

  • Exploratory and cross-sectional study design

  • Responses self-reported

Careyva (2018) Very low
  • Small, nonrepresentative convenience sample based in multiple clinics

  • Exploratory and cross-sectional study design

  • Responses self-reported

Hamity (2018)Very low
  • Small convenience sample (no sociodemographic information provided) based in multiple health care settings within the same system

  • Exploratory and cross-sectional study design

  • Responses self-reported

Byhoff (2019)Very low
  • Small, nonrepresentative convenience sample based in multiple health care settings across several regions

  • Exploratory and cross-sectional study design

  • Responses self-reported

De Marchis (2019)Low
  • Large, nonrepresentative convenience sample based in multiple health care settings across several regions

  • Exploratory and cross-sectional study design

  • Responses self-reported

  • Accounted for some sources of confounding using multivariable statistical models

Kocielnik (2019)Very low
  • Small, nonrepresentative convenience sample based in a single research setting

  • Exploratory and cross-sectional study design

  • Responses self-reported

Langerman (2019)Very low
  • Small, nonrepresentative convenience sample based in a single health care setting

  • Exploratory and cross-sectional study design

  • Responses self-reported

  • Accounted for some sources of confounding using multivariable statistical models

Byhoff (2020)Very low
  • Small, nonrepresentative convenience sample based in a single health care setting

  • Exploratory and cross-sectional study design

  • Responses self-reported

Emengo (2020)Very low
  • Extremely small, nonrepresentative convenience sample based in a single health care setting

  • Exploratory and cross-sectional study design

  • Responses self-reported

Rogers (2020)Low
  • Large, nonrepresentative convenience sample based in in multiple health care settings within the same system

  • Exploratory and cross-sectional study design

  • Responses self-reported

  • Accounted for some sources of confounding using multivariable statistical models

Oldfield (2021)Very low
  • Small, nonrepresentative convenience sample based in a single health care setting

  • Exploratory and cross-sectional study design

  • Responses self-reported

Palakshappa (2021)Very low
  • Small, nonrepresentative convenience sample based in a single health care setting

  • Exploratory and cross-sectional study design

  • Responses self-reported

Wallace (2021)Very low
  • Extremely small, nonrepresentative convenience sample based in a single health care setting

  • Exploratory and cross-sectional study design

  • Responses self-reported

Spain (2021)Very low
  • Small, nonrepresentative convenience sample

  • Exploratory and cross-sectional study design

  • Responses self-reported

  • Abbreviation: GRADE, Grading Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation.