Population Characteristics of Study Population1
| Social Isolation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never/Rarely | Sometimes | Often/Always | All | |
| n = 36,048 (78.0%) | n = 7791 (16.8%) | n = 2401 (5.2%) | n = 46,240 (100.0%) | |
| mean ± SD, N (%) | Mean ± SD, N (%) | Mean ± SD, N (%) | Mean ± SD, N (%) | |
| Age (mean, standard deviation) | 73.1 ± 7.8 | 73.6 ± 9.1 | 73.0 ± 10.6 | 73.2 ± 8.2 |
| Female | 19,474 (54.0) | 4918 (63.1) | 1587 (66.1) | 25,979 (56.2) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| White | 32,709 (90.7) | 6945 (89.1) | 2136 (89.0) | 41,790 (90.4) |
| Black/African-American | 478 (1.3) | 132 (1.7) | 38 (1.6) | 648 (1.4) |
| Hispanic/Latinx | 786 (2.2) | 223 (2.9) | 83 (3.5) | 1092 (2.4) |
| Asian-American | 820 (2.3) | 165 (2.1) | 36 (1.5) | 1021 (2.2) |
| Native American/Alaska Native | 47 (0.1) | 10 (0.1) | 7 (0.3) | 64 (0.1) |
| Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 37 (0.1) | 11 (0.1) | 3 (0.1) | 51 (0.1) |
| More than one race | 991 (2.8) | 254 (3.3) | 81 (3.4) | 1326 (2.9) |
| Unknown/other | 180 (0.5) | 51 (0.7) | 17 (0.7) | 248 (0.5) |
| Area Deprivation Index (ADI) | ||||
| 1 to 3 (least disadvantaged) | 13,683 (38.0) | 2613 (33.5) | 725 (30.2) | 17,021 (36.8) |
| 4 to 6 | 12,190 (33.8) | 2618 (33.6) | 799 (33.3) | 15,607 (33.8) |
| 7 to 10 (most disadvantaged) | 9591 (26.6) | 2442 (31.3) | 847 (35.3) | 12,880 (27.9) |
| Unknown | 584 (1.6) | 118 (1.5) | 30 (1.3) | 732 (1.6) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) | ||||
| 0 | 19,066 (52.9) | 3504 (45.0) | 858 (35.7) | 23,428 (50.7) |
| 1 | 5510 (15.3) | 1241 (15.9) | 412 (17.2) | 7163 (15.5) |
| 2+ | 11,472 (31.8) | 3046 (39.1) | 1131 (47.1) | 15,649 (33.8) |
| 1+ hospital admissions | 3717 (10.3) | 1141 (14.6) | 500 (20.8) | 5358 (11.6) |
| 1+ ED visits | 6921 (19.2) | 2144 (27.5) | 945 (39.4) | 10,010 (21.6) |
| 1+ primary care visits | 28,342 (78.6) | 6438 (82.6) | 2070 (86.2) | 36,850 (79.7) |
| COVID-19 Era | ||||
| 3/1/2013-2/28/2020: Before Pandemic Era | 34,102 (94.6) | 7196 (92.4) | 2173 (90.5) | 43,471 (94.0) |
| 3/1/2020-2/28/2021: During Pandemic Era | 1946 (5.4) | 595 (7.6) | 228 (9.5) | 2769 (6.0) |
Abbreviations: ED, Emergency department; SD, Standard deviation.
↵1 Results based on 46,240 Medicare members (aged 65 years or older) of Kaiser Permanente Northwest (KPNW) who completed an index Medicare Total Health Assessment (MTHA) survey between 3/1/2013 and 2/28/2021 (8 years) and had continuous KPNW Medicare insurance coverage in the 12 months before survey completion.