Patient Demographics
| COVID-19 positive | COVID-19 negative | Total sample | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | (n = 4528) | (n = 162,955) | (n = 167,483) | Pa |
| Any of these events occur: pulmonary embolism, cerebral infarction, thromboembolic event (%) | 1.4% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 0.517 |
| Age (mean, SD) | 48.2 (15.2) | 50.5 (15.5) | 50.5 (15.5) | <0.001 |
| Female (%) | 63.4% | 62.2% | 62.2% | 0.107 |
| Race (%) | ||||
| White | 85.3% | 87.3% | 87.2% | <0.001 |
| Black | 9.2% | 6.9% | 7.0% | |
| Asian | 4.0% | 4.4% | 4.4% | |
| Other/missing | 1.5% | 1.5% | 1.5% | |
| Hispanic (%) | 1.2% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 0.474 |
| English preferred (%) | 95.8% | 96.4% | 96.4% | 0.029 |
| Foreign born (%) | 9.8% | 8.9% | 9.0% | 0.037 |
| Partnered (%) | 58.2% | 58.5% | 58.5% | 0.707 |
| Neighborhood descriptors (mean, SD) | ||||
| Educational distribution | ||||
| Less than high school degree | 6.7% (6.6%) | 6.2% (6.6%) | 6.2% (6.6%) | <0.001 |
| High school degree | 25.3% (9.9%) | 22.9% (10.6%) | 23.0% (10.6%) | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 22.3% (10.5%) | 25.1% (11.4%) | 25.1% (11.4%) | |
| Graduate degree | 10.3% (8.0%) | 12.9% (9.8%) | 12.8% (9.8%) | |
| Housing | ||||
| Crowded | 97.6% (3.9%) | 97.8% (3.8%) | 97.8% (3.8%) | <0.001 |
| No vehicle | 6.1% (8.6%) | 5.9% (8.5%) | 5.9% (8.5%) | 0.109 |
| Under FPL | 9.4% (7.9%) | 8.6% (7.9%) | 8.6% (7.9%) | <0.001 |
| Weight status | ||||
| Normal (BMI < 25) | 19.4% | 26.0% | 25.8% | <0.001 |
| Overweight (25≤BMI < 30) | 30.8% | 30.5% | 30.5% | |
| Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 49.8% | 43.5% | 43.7% | |
| Chronic condition indicators | ||||
| Asthma | 12.3% | 10.5% | 10.6% | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 6.8% | 9.6% | 9.5% | <0.001 |
| COPD | 3.1% | 3.9% | 3.9% | 0.005 |
| Diabetes | 14.9% | 14.6% | 14.7% | 0.648 |
| Bronchitis | 4.4% | 3.6% | 3.6% | 0.006 |
| Chronic respiratory failure | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.837 |
| Emphysema | 1.4% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 0.151 |
| Pulmonary disease | 0.8% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 0.144 |
| Tobacco use | ||||
| Never | 56.9% | 55.6% | 55.6% | <0.001 |
| Current user | 12.0% | 15.4% | 15.3% | |
| Former user | 31.2% | 29.0% | 29.0% |
Abbreviations: FPL, federal poverty line; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
aP values document statistical significance of the difference between the COVID-19 positive and control populations. These statistics are computed using Pearson chi-square test for categorical variables, and analyses of variance for continuous variables.