Population Characteristics of Study Population1
| Social Isolation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never/Rarely | Sometimes | Often/Always | All | |
| n = 36048 (78.0%) | n = 7791 (16.8%) | n = 2401 (5.2%) | n = 46240 (100.0%) | |
| mean ± SD, N (%) | Mean ± SD, N (%) | Mean ± SD, N (%) | Mean ± SD, N (%) | |
| Age (mean, standard deviation) | 73.1 ± 7.8 | 73.6 ± 9.1 | 73.0 ± 10.6 | 73.2 ± 8.2 |
| Female | 19474 (54.0) | 4918 (63.1) | 1587 (66.1) | 25979 (56.2) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| White | 32709 (90.7) | 6945 (89.1) | 2136 (89.0) | 41790 (90.4) |
| Black/African-American | 478 (1.3) | 132 (1.7) | 38 (1.6) | 648 (1.4) |
| Hispanic/Latinx | 786 (2.2) | 223 (2.9) | 83 (3.5) | 1092 (2.4) |
| Asian-American | 820 (2.3) | 165 (2.1) | 36 (1.5) | 1021 (2.2) |
| Native American/Alaska Native | 47 (0.1) | 10 (0.1) | 7 (0.3) | 64 (0.1) |
| Hawaiian / Pacific Islander | 37 (0.1) | 11 (0.1) | 3 (0.1) | 51 (0.1) |
| More than one race | 991 (2.8) | 254 (3.3) | 81 (3.4) | 1326 (2.9) |
| Unknown/other | 180 (0.5) | 51 (0.7) | 17 (0.7) | 248 (0.5) |
| Area Deprivation Index (ADI) | ||||
| 1 to 3 (least disadvantaged) | 13683 (38.0) | 2613 (33.5) | 725 (30.2) | 17021 (36.8) |
| 4 to 6 | 12190 (33.8) | 2618 (33.6) | 799 (33.3) | 15607 (33.8) |
| 7 to 10 (most disadvantaged) | 9591 (26.6) | 2442 (31.3) | 847 (35.3) | 12880 (27.9) |
| Unknown | 584 (1.6) | 118 (1.5) | 30 (1.3) | 732 (1.6) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) | ||||
| 0 | 19066 (52.9) | 3504 (45.0) | 858 (35.7) | 23428 (50.7) |
| 1 | 5510 (15.3) | 1241 (15.9) | 412 (17.2) | 7163 (15.5) |
| 2+ | 11472 (31.8) | 3046 (39.1) | 1131 (47.1) | 15649 (33.8) |
| 1+ hospital admissions | 3717 (10.3) | 1141 (14.6) | 500 (20.8) | 5358 (11.6) |
| 1+ ED visits | 6921 (19.2) | 2144 (27.5) | 945 (39.4) | 10010 (21.6) |
| 1+ primary care visits | 28342 (78.6) | 6438 (82.6) | 2070 (86.2) | 36850 (79.7) |
| COVID-19 Era | ||||
| 2/28/13- 2/28/20: Before Pandemic Era | 34102 (94.6) | 7196 (92.4) | 2173 (90.5) | 43471 (94.0) |
| 3/1/2020 – 2/28/21: During Pandemic Era | 1946 (5.4) | 595 (7.6) | 228 (9.5) | 2769 (6.0) |
Abbreviations: ED, Emergency department; SD, Standard deviation.
↵1 Results based on 46,240 Medicare members (aged 65 years or older) of Kaiser Permanente Northwest (KPNW) who completed an index Medicare Total Health Assessment (MTHA) survey between March 1, 2013, and February 28, 2021, (8 years) and had KPNW insurance in the 12 months before survey completion.