Description of Practice Level Covariates
| Measure | Description |
|---|---|
| Practice location | We used information given on zip code to classify practice locations as either Rural, Large Town, Suburban, or Urban Core, based on Rural-Urban Commuting Areas (RUCA) using 2010 Census data. |
| Practice ownership | The survey question was “Which of the following best describes your practice’s ownership? (Check all that apply)” The following categories were possible responses: clinician-owned solo or group practice; hospital/health system owned; Health Maintenance Organization (e.g., Kaiser Permanente); Federally Qualified Health Center or look-alike; non-federal government clinic (e.g., state, county, city, public health clinic, etc.); academic health center / faculty practice; federal (military, Veterans Administration, Department of Defense); Rural Health Clinic; Indian Health Service; other (please specify). Based on a hierarchical logic using these responses, including the other-specify response, and in some cases soliciting additional information from cooperatives, we recoded each practice into one of the following: Clinician-owned, Hospital/Health System, Safety Net (including FQHCs, academic health centers, federal, RHS, and IHS) or Other. |
| Practice size | The survey asked respondents to choose which of the following best describes their practice’s size: solo practice, 2 to 5 clinicians, 6 to 10 clinicians, 11 to 15 clinicians, or 16 or more clinicians. We recoded the 11 to 15 clinicians and 16 or more clinicians’ categories into one, 11 + clinicians. |
| ≥50% patients over 40 years old | The survey asked for the percent of patients at the practice who fell into the following age categories: 0 to 17, 18 to 39, 40 to 59, 60 to 75, and 76 and over. We grouped percentages for the latter three groups into one 40 + percentage, then recoded this summed value into an indicator variable for whether this percentage was at least 50%. |
| ≤50% white patients | The survey asked for the percent of patients at the practice who were white, and we recoded this percent into an indicator variable for whether this percentage was at least 50%. |
| >30% Medicaid patients | The survey asked for the percent of patients at the practice receiving Medicaid, including those eligible for both Medicaid and Medicare, and we recoded this percent into an indicator variable for whether this percentage was above 30%, representing a high proportion of Medicaid beneficiaries. |
| >10% uninsured patients | The survey asked for the percent of patients at the practice who had no insurance, and we recoded this percent into an indicator variable for whether this percentage was above 10%, representing a high proportion of uninsured patients. |
| Number of hours | Total number of facilitation hours |
| Number of encounters | Total number of facilitation encounters |
| Months with encounter | Number of months with a facilitation encounter |
Abbreviations: FQHCs, Federally qualified health centers; RHS, Rural health services; IHS, Rural health services.