Characteristics of Included Studies
| Author | Objective | Type of EBIs or intervention program to improve CRCS | Study Setting | Key Study Methods |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Green et al. 2017 USA | To assess the change in CRCS rate and intervention implementation facilitators and challenges | Mailed intervention, including mailing of FIT kit, patient education, and patient follow up. - First mailing: pamphlet on CRCS choices, and statements saying they are due for CRCS, and will soon receive a FIT kit. - Second mailing: FIT kit, pictographic instructions and a letter emphasizing the importance of completing screening. - Third mailing: Reminder letter if the FIT kit is not received and processed by the lab within 3 weeks. | Clinics | - No mention of methods- data collection tools/techniques, samples in relation to barriers and facilitators assessment. - Used CFIR to report the implementation factors. - During implementation |
| Hannon et al. 2019 USA | To evaluation whether grantees implemented andmaintained EBIs over the funding cycle (measured with quantitative survey items) and barriers and facilitators to implementing andmaintaining EBIs (measured with open-text survey responses) | Implement one or more of these 5 interventions/EBI: - Provider-centered: provider reminder, provider assessment and feedback - patient-centered: small media (posters, postcards, brochures), client reminder - Addressing structural barriers (to address the financial barriers of low income and unscreened people). | CRCS program's grantee organizations (state department of health or tribal organization) | - Qualitative (online open text survey responses) - During implementation |
| Cole et al. 2015 USA | To identify facilitators of and barriers to implementation of a proactive, mail-based colorectal cancer screening program in Federally Qualified Health Centers setting that draws on the published evidence from the evaluation of the SOS program | - Patient education: mailing of patient information regarding CRCS - Mailed return kit and patient reminder: mailing of FOBT kits with stamps and reminders | Federally Qualified Health Centers comprising primary care clinics to provide primary care to low-income and uninsured patients | - Qualitative (Semi structured interviews guide developed based on CFIR) - During implementation |
| Bakhai et al. 2018 USA | To increase CRCS and identify the materials/methods, physician and patient-related barriers to the acceptance of FIT and colonoscopy | 1. Physician and staff reminder 2. In-clinic distribution of FIT 3. Patient education 4. FIT instruction 5. Patient reminder | Clinics | - Root cause discussion and analysis (using a fishbone diagram) - During implementation |
| Baldwin et al. 2020 USA | To explore implementation challenges and successes specific to two health insurance plans that serve enrollees in U.S. Medicaid and Medicare programs in implementing their mailed FIT programs in the first year | - Sent introductory letters and FITs via mail - Patient reminder (mailed postcard or live phone call) | Clinics | - Qualitative (telephone interviews using in-depth interview guide based on CFIR) - After implementation |
| Coronado, et al. 2017 USA | To report on implementation challenges faced by eight community health centers that participated in STOP CRC, a large comparative effectiveness cluster-randomized trial to evaluate a direct- mail program to increase the rate of CRCS | Mailed the introductory letter, the FIT kit, and the reminder postcard/letters. | Clinics | - Qualitative (telephone interviews using in-depth interview guide based on CFIR) - Before implementation or baseline and post implementation |
| Calanzani, et al. 2017, Scotland | To test the feasibility and acceptability of an opportunistic intervention in general practice patient consultations, examining whether a brief conversation was a viable way to engage with non-responders and increase bowel screening participation | Patient education: brief conversation between patient (non-responders) and providers about bowel screening. An opportunity to request a bowel screening kit, information leaflet, Freepost envelope were offered. | Clinics | - Qualitative (closed and open-ended questionnaire and semi-structured interviews - After implementation |
| Davis et al. 2019 USA | To explore how Accountable Care Organizations work with clinics (the key facilitators that enhanced the organization and clinics collaboration) while implementing multicomponent interventions to improve CRCS. | - Patient reminders - Patient education - Reducing structural barriers - Provider assessment and feedback - Patient and provider incentives - Provider reminder and recall | Accountable Care Organizational team | - Qualitative (key informant interviews using semi-structured interview guide) - During implementation |
| Cole et al. 2015 USA | - To describe self-reported EHR system capabilities necessary for completing/delivering the CRC screening tasks and measuring colorectal cancer screening rates. - To describe the ease in using EHR systems and the perceived accuracy of EHR data for measuring CRCS. | CRCS reminders and provider reports | Clinics (50 community health center clinics) | - Quantitative (survey on EMR related barriers that can influence implementation) - Before implementation |
| Walsh et al. 2011 USA | To assess the extent to which components of the FLU-FOBT intervention program were adopted, implemented and maintained 1 year after completion of the RCT. | - Offering FOBT along with influenza vaccines - Patient education materials - Provided stamped mailing envelopes allowing patients to send completed sample to the lab | Clinics | - Qualitative (interview with clinic leaders using interview guide structured around the RE-AIM framework, after implementation |
| Weiner et al. 2017 USA | To describe facilitators of and barriers to implementing office systems in FQHCs (federally qualified health centers) clinics by using the practice facilitation and tool kit approach | - Implantation of policies and practices or procedures for CRCS including reminder systems to cue providers and patients to take actions for CRCS. | Clinics | - Qualitative (semi-structured interviews) - After implementation |
| Leeman et al. 2019 USA | To understand the process that Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC) staff use to select and implement CRC screening interventions, and the factors influencing the intervention implementation | Patient level: education (one-on-one education, small media, group education) and patient remindersProvider level: provider assessment and feedbackOrganizational level: Patient navigators, reminder and recall systems Other interventions: FluFIT and mailed FIT | Clinics | - Qualitative (interviews using a semi-structured interview guide across CFIR framework domains). - During Implementation |
Abbreviations: CRC, colorectal cancer; CRCS, colorectal cancer screening; FIT, fecal immunochemical test; CFIR, consolidated framework for implementation research; RE-AIM, reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, maintenance; EBI, evidence-based intervention; EHR, electronic health records; FBOT, Fecal Occult Blood Test; RCT, Randomized Controlled Trial; STOP CRC, Screening TO Prevent ColoRectal Cancer.