Table 1.

Participant Characteristics According to CPG Adherence Status^*

Characteristic	Adherent to CPGs		Non-Adherent to CPGs		P
	(n = 1051)		(n = 68)
	No.	%	No.	%
Age, yr (mean ± SD)	52.9 ± 13.2		57.5 ± 11.4		0.002
Sex					0.01
Female	798	75.9	42	61.8
Male	253	24.1	26	38.2
Race					0.15
Black	181	17.2	18	26.5
Other	27	2.6	2	2.9
White	843	80.2	48	70.6
Ethnicity					0.25
Hispanic	88	8.4	3	4.4
Non-Hispanic	963	91.6	65	95.6
Educational level					<0.001
High school or lower	171	16.3	28	41.2
Some post-high school	448	42.6	27	39.7
College degree or higher	432	41.1	13	19.1
Cigarette smoking status					0.03
Never or former smoker	882	83.9	50	73.5
Current smoker	169	16.1	18	26.5
Body mass index (mean ± SD)	32.4 ± 8.2		35.3 ± 11.0		0.04
Duration of low back pain					0.46
<5 years	323	30.7	18	26.5
≥5 years	728	69.3	50	73.5
Bothersomeness of widespread pain					<0.001
Not at all	375	35.7	13	19.1
A little bit	404	38.4	22	32.4
A lot	272	25.9	33	48.5
Pain catastrophizing (mean ± SD)	19.1 ± 13.1		25.4 ± 14.4		<0.001
Pain self-efficacy (mean ± SD)	33.6 ± 14.9		26.4 ± 14.3		<0.001
No. of comorbidities (mean ± SD)	1.8 ± 0.8		1.8 ± 0.7		0.62
Herniated disc					0.02
No	659	62.7	33	48.5
Yes	392	37.3	35	51.5
Sciatica					0.95
No	530	50.4	34	50.0
Yes	521	49.6	34	50.0
Osteoarthritis					0.34
No	572	54.4	33	48.5
Yes	479	45.6	35	51.5
Osteoporosis					0.02
No	907	86.3	52	76.5
Yes	144	13.7	16	23.5
Heart disease					0.05
No	944	89.8	56	82.4
Yes	107	10.2	12	17.6
Hypertension					0.003
No	612	58.2	27	39.7
Yes	439	41.8	41	60.3
Diabetes Mellitus					0.21
No	853	81.2	51	75.0
Yes	198	18.8	17	25.0
Asthma					0.11
No	773	73.5	44	64.7
Yes	278	26.5	24	35.3
Depression					0.31
No	453	43.1	25	36.8
Yes	598	56.9	43	63.2

↵* Table entries are No. and % unless otherwise indicated. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale and the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire were each used to measure the respective characteristics. CPG denotes clinical practice guideline.
Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.