Table 4.

Associations of Social Determinant of Health Risk Factors and Clusters with Control of HbA1c and Blood Pressure by Logistic Regression Models

Outcome^*	Factors/Clusters^{^†}	Odds Ratio	Lower	Upper	P value^{^‡}
Uncontrolled diabetes (total N = 2,193 and N = 1,906 with complete data)	Age	0.97	0.96	0.98	<0.001
	Gender	0.88	0.69	1.14	0.336
	BMI	0.99	0.97	1.00	0.141
	Social Background Score	1.12	1.02	1.23	0.023
	Social Insecurities Score	1.18	1.05	1.32	0.004
	Insurance/Employment Score	1.24	1.06	1.47	0.009
	Federal Poverty Level	0.69	0.39	1.23	0.204
	Housing Status	0.77	0.48	1.23	0.274
	Social Isolation	0.85	0.59	1.22	0.381
Uncontrolled hypertension (total N = 3,865 and N = 3,338 with complete data)	Age	1.00	0.99	1.01	0.425
	Gender	0.90	0.75	1.08	0.256
	BMI	1.00	0.99	1.01	0.788
	Social Background Score	1.00	0.93	1.08	0.984
	Social Insecurities Score	1.16	1.06	1.26	0.001
	Insurance/Employment Score	1.09	0.97	1.23	0.147
	Federal Poverty Level	1.31	0.83	2.06	0.244
	Housing Status	1.19	0.86	1.64	0.297
	Social Isolation	1.13	0.87	1.48	0.364
Uncontrolled combined diabetes/hypertension (total N = 4579 and N = 3,954 with complete data)	Age	0.99	0.99	1.00	0.050
	Gender	0.87	0.74	1.01	0.071
	BMI	1.01	1.00	1.01	0.223
	Social Background Score	1.06	1.00	1.13	0.057
	Social Insecurities Score	1.17	1.09	1.26	<0.001
	Insurance/Employment Score	1.17	1.06	1.29	0.002
	Federal Poverty Level	1.02	0.70	1.48	0.936
	Housing Status	1.04	0.79	1.38	0.773
	Social Isolation	1.072	0.854	1.346	0.549

↵* Uncontrolled diabetes was defined as HbA1c ≥ 9% and uncontrolled hypertension was defined as SBP ≥ 140 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 90 mm Hg.
↵† The actual effect of each composite cluster is the estimated natural log of odds ratio multiplied with the actual number of positive SDoH factors in that composite cluster.
↵‡ The P values < 0.05 are bolded.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SDoH, social determinants of health.