Primary Outcomes According to CPG Adherence Status*
| Outcome | Adherent to CPGs | Non-Adherent to CPGs | P | Cohen's d | 95% CI | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 1051) | (n = 68) | ||||||
| Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | ||||
| Pain intensity | 6.0 | 5.9.0 to 6.1 | 6.8 | 6.3 to 7.2 | 0.001 | 0.41 | 0.16.0 to 0.65 |
| Back-related disability | 14.3 | 14.0 to 14.6 | 17.6 | 16.4 to 18.9 | <0.001 | 0.59 | 0.34.0 to 0.84 |
| Pain impact on health-related quality of life | 30.8 | 30.3 to 31.4 | 36.3 | 34.4 to 38.1 | <0.001 | 0.62 | 0.38.0 to 0.87 |
↵* Outcomes were measured using a numerical rating scale for low back pain intensity, the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, and the National Institutes of Health pain impact measure, respectively. Higher scores represent worse outcomes. CPG denotes clinical practice guideline.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval.