Table 3.

Associations of Social Determinant of Health Risk Factors and Clusters with HbA1c and Blood Pressure Values by Linear Regression Models

Outcome	Factors/Clusters^*	Coefficient	95% CI		P value^{^†}
Diabetes model (total n = 2193 and n = 1906 with complete data)
HbA1c	Intercept	8.755	8.076	9.434	<0.001
	BMI	−0.007	−0.017	0.003	0.184
	Age	−0.024	−0.031	−0.017	<0.001
	Female (ref: male)	−0.166	−0.330	−0.002	0.047
	Social background score	0.114	0.049	0.178	0.001
	Social insecurities score	0.166	0.084	0.247	<0.001
	Insurance/employment score	0.124	0.019	0.229	0.020
	Federal poverty level score	−0.034	−0.416	0.349	0.864
	Social isolation score	−0.314	−0.553	−0.075	0.010
	Housing status score	−0.113	−0.425	0.199	0.479
Blood pressure model (total n = 3865 and n = 3338 with complete data)
Systolic blood pressure	Intercept	118.445	113.955	122.935	<0.001
	BMI	0.175	0.112	0.237	<0.001
	Age	0.049	−0.002	0.099	0.058
	Female	−1.844	−2.899	−0.789	0.001
	Social background score	0.498	0.073	0.924	0.022
	Social insecurities score	1.026	0.486	1.567	<0.001
	Insurance/employment score	−0.138	−0.808	0.532	0.687
	Federal poverty level	−0.097	−2.565	2.371	0.939
	Social isolation	0.284	−1.277	1.846	0.721
	Housing status	0.001	−1.997	1.998	0.999
Diastolic blood pressure	Intercept	87.071	84.170	89.972	<0.001
	BMI	0.036	−0.004	0.077	0.080
	Age	−0.222	−0.254	−0.189	<0.001
	Female (ref: male)	−1.566	−2.247	−0.884	<0.001
	Social background score	−0.030	−0.305	0.245	0.832
	Social insecurities score	0.736	0.387	1.085	<0.001
	Insurance/employment score	−0.460	−0.893	−0.027	0.038
	Federal poverty level	0.023	−1.572	1.617	0.978
	Social isolation	−0.635	−1.644	0.374	0.217
	Housing status	−0.119	−1.409	1.172	0.857

↵* The actual effect of each composite cluster is the estimated coefficient multiplied with the actual number of positive SDoH factors in that composite cluster.
↵† The P values < 0.05 are bolded.
Abbreviations: SDoH, social determinants of health; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval.