Table 3.

Mixed-Effects Logistic Regression Model of the Relationship Between Telehealth Use in Family Practice Clinics, Patient and Provider Characteristics

	MV-Adjusted OR
Variables	OR	95%CI			P value
Patient characteristics
Age
18 to 64	Ref.
<18	0.22	0.19	-	0.26	0.001
>65	0.89	0.81	-	0.98	0.013
Sex
Female	Ref.
Male	1.01	0.87		1.03	0.87
Race/ethnicity
Hispanic	Ref.
Non-Hispanic White	1.61	1.53	-	1.69	0.001
Non-Hispanic Black	1.37	1.27	-	1.47	0.001
Asian	1.05	0.92	-	1.20	0.920
Other	1.31	0.95		1.81	0.097
Mixed race	1.88	1.50	-	2.36	0.001
Insurance coverage
Private insurance	Ref.
Medicare	0.91	0.83	-	1.01	0.068
Medicaid	1.03	0.96	-	1.12	0.068
Uninsured	0.81	0.77	-	0.86	0.001
Metropolitan status
Nonmetropolitan	Ref.
Metropolitan	1.25	1.08	-	1.46	0.004
MUA status
Non-MUA	Ref.
MUA	1.19	1.13	-	1.27	0.001
Commute time to clinic
0 to 10 minutes	Ref.
11 to 20 minutes	1.04	0.99	-	1.10	0.135
21 to 30 minutes	1.14	1.07	-	1.21	0.001
>30 minutes	1.28	1.19	-	1.38	0.001
Provider characteristics
Provider type
Non-MD (APRN, FNP, PAC)	Ref.
MD	1.05	0.64	-	1.73	0.86
Provider language
English only	Ref.
English and Spanish	1.35	0.84	-	2.17	0.22
Years in practice
0 to 5 years	Ref.
6 to 10 years	1.78	0.93	-	3.41	0.08
11 to 20 years	1.42	0.73	-	2.78	0.30
21 + years	1.00	0.47	-	2.13	0.99
Intraclass correlation coefficient for provider and patient random effects
	Variance estimate	95% CI			Std Err
Patient (variance estimate, CI)	0.31	0.26	-	0.38	0.21
Patient \| provider (variance estimate, CI)	0.38	0.35	-	0.41	0.02

Abbreviations: MV-Adjusted OR, Multi-variable-adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; APRN, advanced practice registered nurse; FNP, family nurse practitioner; MUA, medically underserved area; PAC, certified physician assistant.