Baseline Characteristics, Full Sample, and Sensitivity Sample Excluding Complete Discontinuation Patients with No Further Clinic Visit Following Last Opioid Prescription
| Full sample | Sensitivity sample | |
|---|---|---|
| n (%) N = 1,789 | n (%) N = 1,465 | |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 1083 (60.5) | 893 (61.0) |
| Age, years | ||
| Mean (SD) | 49.2 (9.2) | 49.4 (11.9) |
| 19 to 34 | 163 (9.1) | 129 (8.8) |
| 35 to 49 | 593 (33.2) | 473 (32.3) |
| 50 to 64 | 1033 (57.7) | 863 (58.9) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1556 (87.0) | 1256 (85.7) |
| Hispanic, Black, Indigenous, other patients of color, and unknown race/ethnicity | 233 (13.0) | 209 (14.3) |
| Eligible pain diagnoses | ||
| Back pain | 1183 (66.1) | 964 (65.8) |
| Neck pain | 223 (12.5) | 196 (13.4) |
| Both | 383 (21.4) | 305 (20.8) |
| Average daily MME | ||
| <20 | 745 (41.6) | 634 (43.3) |
| 20 to <50 | 578 (32.3) | 473 (32.3) |
| 50 to <90 | 259 (14.5) | 200 (13.7) |
| ≥90 | 207 (11.6) | 158 (10.8) |
| Number of visits in the prior year | ||
| Median (IQR) | 9.0 (6.0, 14.0) | 9.0 (6.0, 14.0) |
| <6 | 422 (23.6) | 326 (22.3) |
| 6 to 9 | 523 (29.2) | 431 (29.4) |
| 10 to 12 | 305 (17.1) | 243 (16.6) |
| >12 | 539 (30.1) | 465 (31.7) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index* | ||
| 0 | 309 (17.3) | 232 (15.8) |
| 1 to 2 | 899 (50.3) | 730 (49.8) |
| ≥3 | 581 (32.5) | 503 (34.3) |
| N pain clusters (of 8)* † | ||
| 0 | 338 (18.9) | 262 (17.9) |
| 1 | 638 (35.7) | 531 (36.3) |
| ≥2 | 813 (45.4) | 672 (45.9) |
| Alcohol abuse/dependence* | 164 (9.2) | 132 (9.0) |
| Opioid abuse/dependence* | 80 (4.5) | 60 (4.1) |
| Other drug abuse/dependence* | 224 (12.5) | 195 (13.3) |
| Mood disorder* ‡ | 1098 (61.4) | 905 (61.8) |
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; MME, morphine milligram equivalence; IQR, interquartile range.
↵* Conditions based on active problem list entries at baseline.
↵† Pain conditions assessed: (1) limb/extremity pain, joint pain, and arthritic disorders; (2) neuropathic pain conditions; (3) headache; (4) abdominal and bowel pain; (5) urogenital, pelvic, and menstrual pain; (6) musculoskeletal chest pain; (7) systemic disorders or diseases causing pain; (8) orofacial, ear, and temporomandibular disorder pain. See Appendix Table 2 for definitions.
↵‡ Includes depression and anxiety disorders. See Appendix Table 2 for definitions.