Results of Urine Drug Screen (UDS) at Study Enrollment for Safety-Net Patients on or Recently on Long-Term Opioid Therapy for Chronic Noncancer Pain (n = 276)*
| Characteristic, Median (IQR) or n (%) | All Participants (n = 300) | Low Satisfaction (n = 116) | Moderate Satisfaction (n = 85) | High Satisfaction (n = 98) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drugs detected on baseline UDS | |||||
| No drugs detected | 41 (15%) | 15 (37%) | 12 (29%) | 14 (34%) | 0.93 |
| Opioids (including methadone and buprenorphine) | 178 (65%) | 71 (40%) | 50 (28%) | 56 (32%) | 0.79 |
| Methadone | 72 (26%) | 33 (46%) | 19 (26%) | 20 (28%) | 0.38 |
| Buprenorphine | 7 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (71%) | 2 (29%) | 0.01 |
| Benzodiazepines | 17 (6%) | 6 (35%) | 4 (24%) | 7 (41%) | 0.76 |
| Cocaine | 58 (21%) | 28 (48%) | 18 (31%) | 12 (21%) | 0.07 |
| Amphetamines/methamphetamine | 37 (13%) | 37 (35%) | 30 (28%) | 40 (37%) | 0.37 |
| Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) | 107 (39%) | 18 (49%) | 12 (32%) | 7 (19%) | 0.14 |
| Other drugs† | 3 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (67%) | 1 (3%) | 0.19 |
| Opioids in combination with other drugs | |||||
| No opioids | 98 (36%) | 37 (38%) | 26 (27%) | 35 (36%) | 0.13 |
| Opioids only (including methadone and buprenorphine) | 117 (42%) | 42 (36%) | 32 (28%) | 42 (36%) | |
| Opioids and stimulants only (ie, cocaine or amphetamines) | 49 (18%) | 26 (53%) | 15 (31%) | 8 (16%) | |
| Opioids and other combination of drugs‡ | 12 (4%) | 3 (25%) | 3 (25%) | 6 (50%) | |
| If UDS consistent with prescribing§ | |||||
| UDS consistent with prescribing | 201 (74%) | 82 (41%) | 54 (27%) | 65 (32%) | 0.58 |
| UDS positive for opioids and not prescribed detectable opioid therapy | 25 (9%) | 12 (48%) | 6 (24%) | 7 (28%) | |
| UDS negative for opioids and prescribed detectable opioid therapy | 47 (17%) | 14 (30%) | 14 (30%) | 19 (40%) | |
| 20 to 89 MME at baseline | 30 (11) | 11 (37%) | 8 (27%) | 11 (37%) | |
| 90 to 199 MME at baseline | 11 (4%) | 1 (9%) | 4 (36%) | 6 (55%) | |
| ≥200 MME at baseline | 6 (2%) | 2 (33%) | 2 (33%) | 2 (33%) |
IQR, interquartile range.
↵* Twenty-four participants did not complete a UDS at baseline.
↵† Other drugs detected include phencyclidine (PCP) or barbiturates.
↵‡ Including opioids combined with benzodiazepines, PCP, barbiturates, with or without stimulants such as cocaine or methamphetamine.
↵§ Detectable opioid therapy defined as milligram morphine equivalent (MME) of at least 20 and taking a full agonist or partial opioid excluding fentanyl, which would not return positive on UDS. Two participants were prescribed only fentanyl as their opioid therapy so were excluded from this measure.