Characteristics of Included Studies That Develop or Validate Clinical Prediction Rules for Influenza
| Study | No. of Patients | Mean Age (Years) | Population Studied | Flu Strain | Reference Std | Country (Year) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afonso, 2012* | 456 | Swiss: 34.3 US: 38.8 | Swiss: Adult outpatients with ILI US: adult outpatients with acute RTI symptoms | A + B | Swiss: Culture US: PCR | Switzerland (1999 to 2000), US (2002) |
| Ebell, 2012*,† | 456 | Swiss: 34.3 US: 38.8 | Swiss: Adult outpatients with ILI US: adult outpatients with acute RTI symptoms | A + B | Swiss: Culture US: PCR | Switzerland (1999 to 2000), US (2002) |
| Anderson, 2018 | 4572 | 10.7 | Patients > 6 months of age with fever and cough or sore throat, presenting within 3 days if outpatient and within 5 days if in-patient | A + B | PCR | Thailand (2009 to 2014) |
| Dugas, 2019 | 1941 | 48.6 | An ED patient who reported 1 or more of the following: measured fever >100.4°F, subjective fever, cough, nasal congestion, sinus congestion, rhinorrhea, sore throat, or shortness of breath | NR | PCR | US (2013 to 2014) |
| Govaert, 1998 | 1791 | Range: 60–91 | Adults aged 60 or older presenting to GP with ILI Patients with heart, lung, kidney disease, or diabetes excluded | NR | Serology | Netherlands (1991 to 1992) |
| Ranjan, 2012 | 638 | 46.4 | Travelers quarantined in an airport during swine flu outbreak with ILI | A | PCR | India (2009) |
| van Vugt, 2015† | 1801 | 48 | Adult outpatients and older with clinical presentation of LRTI, symptom onset < 7 days | A + B | PCR | 12 European countries (2007 to 2010) |
| Vuichard-Gysin, 2019 | 2191 | NR | Children and adults of Canadian Hutterite communities with ARTI defined as at least 2 of: chills, cough, earache, fatigue, fever, headache, myalgias, coryza, or sore throat | A + B | PCR | Canada (2008 to 2011) |
| Woolpert, 2012 | 789 | 31.2 | Outpatients with subjective fever and/or temperature >38.0°C, plus cough or sore throat | A + B | PCR | US (2007 to 2008) |
| Zimmerman, 2016 | 4173 | 34.1 | Outpatients > 6 months of age, seeking care for ARTI with cough or fever | A + B | PCR | US (2011 to 2012) |
ARTI, acute respiratory tract infection; ED, emergency department; GP, general practice; ILI, influenza-like illness; LRTI, lower respiratory tract infection; NR, not reported; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; RTI, respiratory tract infection; Std, standard; US, United States.
↵* These studies used the same dataset but different methods for generating a clinical prediction rule.
↵† The FluScore was developed in the study by Ebell and colleagues and validated in the study by van Vugt and colleagues.