StudyRisk Score or CART model
Afonso, 2012CART model 1
Fever, chills or sweats, duration < 2 days, cough
Afonso, 2012CART model 2
Fever, chills, sweating
Afonso, 2012CART model 3
Fever, myalgia
Anderson, 2018CART modelAge ≥ 5 years, cough, coryza, chills, myalgia
Dugas, 2019Risk score
2 points for new or increased cough, 1 point for headache, 1 point for subjective fever, and 1 point for measured temperature > 100.4 F.
Low-risk group: 0 to 2 points
High-risk group: ≥ 3 points
Ebell, 2012Risk score (“FluScore”)
2 points for fever and cough, 2 points for myalgias, 1 point for chills or sweats, and 1 point for duration < 2 days
Low-risk group: 0 to 2 points
Moderate risk group: 3 points
High-risk group: 4 to 6 points
Govaert, 1998Risk score (original)
1 point for each of the following 8 symptoms:
cough, fever, acute onset, malaise, rigor or chills, myalgia, headache, sore throat.
Probability of influenza is then reported for each point score.
Govaert, 1998Risk score (post hoc)
1 point for each of the following 8 symptoms: cough, fever, acute onset, malaise, rigor or chills, myalgia, headache, sore throat
Low-risk group: 0 points
Moderate risk group: 1 to 2 points
High-risk group: 3 + points
Ranjan, 2012Risk score
1 to 3 points for different levels of fever, 1 point each for sneezing, coryza, sore throat, cough or wheeze, 1 point for flu circulating in community, and 2 points for close contact with confirmed flu.
Low-risk group: 0 to 6 points
High-risk group: ≥ 7 points
Vuichard-Gysin, 2019 (children)CART model
Fever, chills, cough, coryza, male sex
Vuichard-Gysin, 2019 (children)Risk score (children)
1 point for age 6 to 17 years, 2 points for chills, 2 points for cough, and 3 points for fever.
Low-risk group: 0 to 4 points
High-risk group: ≥ 5 points
Vuichard-Gysin, 2019 (adults)CART model
Chills, cough, myalgia, sinus problem, sore throat
Vuichard-Gysin, 2019 (adults)Risk score (adults)
2 points for chills, 2 points for cough, and 1 point for myalgias
Low-risk group: 0 to 3 points
High-risk group: ≥ 4 points
Woolpert, 2012Risk score (original)
1 point for each of the following 4 symptoms: acute onset, fever, cough, myalgia. Probability of influenza is then reported for each point score.
Woolpert, 2012Risk score (post hoc)
1 point for each of the following 4 symptoms: acute onset, fever, cough, myalgia
Low-risk group: 0 to 1 points
Moderate risk group: 2 points
High-risk group: 3 + points
Zimmerman, 2016CART model
Fever, cough, fatigue
  • CART, Classification and Regression Tree.