Table 3.

Adjusted Risk Ratios (ARRs) for Nonadherence Labeling by Demographics in HbA1c and Care Site Strata with Adjustment by Zip Code Median Household Income^*

Variable	Philadelphia County (N = 3591) (Labeled = 580)	Subgroup HbA1c ≤7% (N = 1298) (Labeled = 169)	Subgroup HbA1c >7% (N = 2293) (Labeled = 411)	Subgroup Primary Care (N = 2016) (Labeled = 315)	Subgroup Specialty Care (N = 1575) (Labeled = 265)
	β_adj [95% CI]	β_adj [95% CI]	β_adj [95% CI]	β_adj [95% CI]	β_adj [95% CI]
HbA1c	0.085 [0.043, 0.126]	−0.20 [−0.54, 0.14]	−0.013 [−0.03, 0.004]	0.082 [0.03, 0.14]	0.09 [0.03, 0.15]
Zip code Median Income, $1000 units	−0.027 [−0.041, −0.014]	−0.031 [−0.056, −0.006]	−0.026 [−0.042, −0.01]	−0.019 [−0.038, −0.001]	−0.041 [−0.061, −0.021]
	ARR [95% CI]	ARR [95% CI]	ARR [95% CI]	ARR [95% CI]	ARR [95% CI]
Race
White	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Black	1.70 [1.28, 2.30]	2.01 [1.23, 3.72]	1.55 [1.12, 2.21]	2.78 [1.55, 5.14]	1.37 [1.01, 1.97]
Insurance payor
Private	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Medicaid	1.71 [1.39, 2.07]	1.44 [1.03, 2.03]	1.81 [1.40, 2.30]	2.08 [1.54, 2.76]	1.36 [1.03, 1.79]
Medicare	1.61[1.29, 1.99]	1.52 [1.06, 2.21]	1.61 [1.21, 1.98]	1.48 [1.02, 2.08]	1.60 [1.22, 2.12]

BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1C.
↵* In addition to zip-code median income, the logistic regression model also included the following potentially confounding variables: age, sex, race, BMI, ethnicity, insurance status, and HbA1c.