Table 2.

Patients Prescribed Opioids and Exposure to Opioid Educational Information by Health Care Provider Group

	Type of Health Care Provider Group
	PCPs	SPs	PAs	NPs
Patients prescribed opioids for chronic pain during past 3 months (%)^*^{,^†}
None	24.5	69.4	50.0	52.6
1–5 patients	25.5	16.4	24.4	26.0
6–10 patients	19.0	5.5	8.5	5.6
11–20 patients	13.7	3.0	6.2	6.4
21 or more patients	15.6	4.3	9.0	8.2
Don't know/not sure	1.6	1.4	1.8	1.2
Patients prescribed opioids past 3 months versus 12 months (%)^*^{,^†}
Less	43.8	24.5	26.1	26.5
Same	54.2	74.5	70.8	70.6
More	2.1	1.0	3.2	2.9
Sources for opioid educational information (%)^*
Hospital or conference presentations^{^‡}	41.7^a	33.8^c	27.0^d	40.9^b
Online presentations or webinars^{^‖}	42.5^b	33.2^d	39.3^d	51.8^a
Sponsored event	7.3	5.0	5.4	7.6
Medical journals^{^¶}	59.9^a	40.9^b	53.4^a	58.8^a
Prescribing information/REMS materials^{^¶}	24.5^a	15.2^b	18.8	25.1^a
Promotional materials^{^¶}	8.9	5.4b	8.8	11.6^a
Other information sources	6.5	2.6	5.5	5.5
Exposure to opioid educational information during the past 12 months^{^#}
Mean^**	1.91^a	1.36^c	1.58^b	2.01^a
95% CI	1.80–2.02	1.04–1.49	1.45–1.72	1.88–2.16
%exposed ^**	89.8^a	71.9^c	78.8^b	85.5^a
Recall of opioid promotions^{^††}
Mean^**	1.64^b	1.16^c	1.63^b	1.82^a
95% CI	1.53–1.75	1.04−1.28	1.51–1.75	1.71–1.93
ADF knowledge score^{^‡‡}
Mean^**	1.91^a	1.23^c	1.49^b	1.48^b
95% CI	1.78–2.04	1.09–1.37	1.34–1.64	1.34–1.63

ADF, abuse-deterrent formulations; BH, Benjamini-Hochberg procedure; CI, confidence interval; NPs, nurse practitioners; PAs, physician assistants; PCPs, primary care physicians; REMS, Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy; SPs, specialists.
↵* χ² tests using the Agresti logit uniform association model were first conducted across the 4 groups, followed by pairwise comparisons using the BH procedure.
↵† PCPs were significantly different from NPs, PAs, and SPs, BH P < .01.
↵‡ a > c > d and b > d, BH adjusted, P < .05.
↵‖ a > b > d and a > c, BH adjusted, P < .05.
↵¶ a > b, BH adjusted P < .05.
↵# A global measure of exposure to opioid educational information was created by summing the “yes” responses for each source of opioid educational information. Means represent the average exposure per group. “% exposed” represents the percentage of respondents in each health care provider group that read at least 1 opioid educational material or attended 1 opioid educational event.
↵** a > b > c, BH adjusted, P < .05.
↵†† “Yes” responses to questions about seeing prescription drug promotions in the last 6 months related non-opioid analgesics, medication-assisted treatment for opioid deterrence, and opioid reversal agents were combined to create an overall recall measure of prescription drug promotions.
↵‡‡ Correct responses to 5 ADF questions were summed to create a total ADF knowledge score.