Table 2.

Provider Outcomes Related to Social Care Activities in Clinical Settings

Knowledge	Attitudes and Beliefs	Behaviors
Prevalence/awareness of patients' social needs^{25,32,35,38,41,42,44,47,59,70,72,75} Health impacts of social needs^{36,41,45,63,68,71} Awareness of resources/referrals^{27,30,43–46,55–57,59,64,69,72,75}	Importance of SDoH^{30,31,35,44,45,61,62,65,67,73,75–77} Acceptability of social care programs^{25,26,33,48–53,56,58,67,69–72,75} Comfort identifying/addressing social need(s) ^{26,32,37,39,41,43,45,46,61,64–68,70,74–77} Provider role in social care programs^{35,43,45,51,52,59,61–63,67,70,72,73,75} Barriers to screening and referral program implementation^{32–35,39,43,52–56,58–64,66,69,70,72,75,76} —Lack of time^{32,34,39,43,56,59,60,63,66,69,70,72,75} —Lack of training/knowledge^{34,52,56,60,63,64,70,72,75,76} —Lack of resources^{35,43,52–54,56,59–62,66,69,70,75} —Lack of comfort screening^{43,61,64,70,72} —Provider burden^{33,35,54,59,62,69,72} —Patient discomfort^{33,34,53,55,56,58,60,70,72,75} —Not appropriate in health setting^54,72 Effects on provider-patient relationship^{34,36,52–56,59,70,72,75}	Social risk screening rates/activities^{26,27,29,32,34,35,39,43–46,48,51,53,55,56,63,64,68–76} Referral activities^{26,45,46,55,63,68} Clinical care adjustment^{25,29,32,42,54,57,59,66,75} Documentation^40,58,68 Time spent on intervention^26,39,74 Productivity²⁸

Knowledge

Attitudes and Beliefs

Behaviors

Prevalence/awareness of patients' social needs^{25,32,35,38,41,42,44,47,59,70,72,75}
Health impacts of social needs^{36,41,45,63,68,71}
Awareness of resources/referrals^{27,30,43–46,55–57,59,64,69,72,75}

Importance of SDoH^{30,31,35,44,45,61,62,65,67,73,75–77}
Acceptability of social care programs^{25,26,33,48–53,56,58,67,69–72,75}
Comfort identifying/addressing social need(s) ^{26,32,37,39,41,43,45,46,61,64–68,70,74–77}
Provider role in social care programs^{35,43,45,51,52,59,61–63,67,70,72,73,75}
Barriers to screening and referral program implementation^{32–35,39,43,52–56,58–64,66,69,70,72,75,76}

—Lack of time^{32,34,39,43,56,59,60,63,66,69,70,72,75}
—Lack of training/knowledge^{34,52,56,60,63,64,70,72,75,76}
—Lack of resources^{35,43,52–54,56,59–62,66,69,70,75}
—Lack of comfort screening^{43,61,64,70,72}
—Provider burden^{33,35,54,59,62,69,72}
—Patient discomfort^{33,34,53,55,56,58,60,70,72,75}
—Not appropriate in health setting^54,72

Effects on provider-patient relationship^{34,36,52–56,59,70,72,75}

Social risk screening rates/activities^{26,27,29,32,34,35,39,43–46,48,51,53,55,56,63,64,68–76}
Referral activities^{26,45,46,55,63,68}
Clinical care adjustment^{25,29,32,42,54,57,59,66,75}
Documentation^40,58,68
Time spent on intervention^26,39,74
Productivity²⁸

SD, standard deviation.