Unadjusted and Adjusted Hazard Ratio for All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Mortality On Breakfast Eating Status and Fiber Intake (n=5761)
| Models | Total Mortality (n = 2027) | Cardiovascular Mortality (n = 469) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | P value* | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | P value* | |
| Unadjusted | ||||
| Breakfast & fiber | ||||
| Breakfast eater-high fiber | 0.73 (0.61-0.88) | .002‡ | 0.74 (0.49-1.13) | .15 |
| Breakfast eater-low fiber | – | – | ||
| Non-breakfast eater-high fiber | 0.71 (0.40-1.28) | .24 | 0.89 (0.33-2.44) | .82 |
| Non-breakfast eater-low fiber | 0.96 (0.80-1.14) | .61 | 1.28 (0.93-1.74) | .12 |
| Multivariable-adjusted | ||||
| Breakfast & fiber | ||||
| Breakfast eater-high fiber | 0.79 (0.66-0.95) | .02† | 0.82 (0.50-1.35) | .42 |
| Breakfast eater-low fiber | – | – | ||
| Non-breakfast eater-high fiber | 0.84 (0.45-1.57) | .57 | 1.28 (0.45-3.61) | .63 |
| Non-breakfast eater-low fiber | 1.53 (1.27-1.86) | <.0001§ | 2.38 (1.66-3.40) | <.0001§ |
| Age | 1.08 (1.07-1.09) | <.0001§ | 1.10 (1.09-1.12) | <.0001§ |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | – | – | ||
| Female | 0.68 (0.59-0.78) | <.0001§ | 0.53 (0.41-0.68) | <.0001§ |
| Race | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | – | – | ||
| Non-Hispanic black | 1.13 (0.90-1.42) | .29 | 1.29 (0.84-1.99) | .24 |
| Hispanic | 0.85 (0.66-1.08) | .17 | 0.92 (0.56-1.51) | .73 |
| Other | 0.74 (0.40-1.37) | .33 | 0.28 (0.07-1.16) | .08 |
| Body mass index | 0.99 (0.98-1.01) | .42 | 0.99 (0.97-1.03) | .75 |
| Education | ||||
| ≥High school | – | – | ||
| <High school | 1.28 (1.12-1.47) | .0007§ | 1.09 (0.76-1.56) | .63 |
| Diabetes | ||||
| Yes | 1.43 (1.22-1.68) | <.0001§ | 1.94 (1.38-2.71) | .0004§ |
| No | – | – | ||
| Hypertension | ||||
| Yes | 1.28 (1.13-1.46) | .0004§ | 2.11 (1.28-3.50) | .005‡ |
| No | – | – | ||
| Cardiovascular disease | ||||
| Yes | 1.63 (1.35-1.97) | <.0001§ | ||
| No | – | – | ||
| Daily calorie intake | 1.00 (1.00-1.00) | .87 | 1.00 (1.00-1.00) | .90 |