Unadjusted and Adjusted Hazard Ratio for All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Mortality Among Breakfast Eaters (n=4778)
| Models | Total Mortality (n = 1719) | Cardiovascular Mortality (n = 383) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | P value* | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | P value* | |
| Unadjusted | ||||
| Fiber intake, g | ||||
| >25 | 0.73 (0.61-0.88) | .002‡ | 0.74 (0.49-1.13) | .16 |
| ≤25 | – | – | ||
| Multivariable-adjusted | ||||
| Fiber intake, g | ||||
| >25 | 0.79 (0.66-0.96) | .02† | 0.84 (0.51-1.37) | .46 |
| ≤25 | – | – | ||
| Age | 1.09 (1.08-1.10) | <.0001§ | 1.11 (1.09-1.13) | <.0001§ |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | – | – | ||
| Female | 0.68 (0.58-0.80) | <.0001§ | 0.53 (0.38-0.76) | .001‡ |
| Race | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | – | – | ||
| Non-Hispanic black | 1.07 (0.86-1.34) | .53 | 1.18 (0.76-1.84) | .44 |
| Hispanic | 0.91 (0.71-1.16) | .43 | 0.91 (0.50-1.64) | .74 |
| Other | 0.77 (0.42-1.43) | .40 | 0.21 (0.05-0.97) | .04† |
| Body mass index | 0.99 (0.98-1.01) | .73 | 1.01 (0.98-1.05) | .55 |
| Education | ||||
| ≥High school | – | – | ||
| <High school | 1.24 (1.08-1.43) | .004‡ | 1.07 (0.74-1.55) | .70 |
| Diabetes | ||||
| Yes | 1.52 (1.29-1.78) | <.0001§ | 1.73 (1.19-2.51) | .005‡ |
| No | – | – | ||
| Hypertension | ||||
| Yes | 1.25 (1.09-1.44) | .003‡ | 2.54 (1.46-4.42) | .002‡ |
| No | – | – | ||
| Cardiovascular disease | ||||
| Yes | 1.61 (1.35-1.92) | <.0001§ | ||
| No | – | |||
| Daily calorie intake | 1.0 (1.0-1.0) | .50 | 1.0 (1.0-1.0) | .92 |