Table 1.

Study Characteristics

Study DesignStudy SettingTarget Social NeedTargeted Providers
Intervention studies
  • RCT 2527 (3)

  • Quasi-experimental with comparison group28–32,43,44 (7)

  • Quasi-experimental without comparison group 3342,4560 (26)

Nonintervention studies
  • Cross-sectional surveys, interviews, and focus groups6177 (17)

Primary care
  • Adult25,28,35,52,69 (5)

  • Pediatric26,27,32,34,39,40,43,44,53,56,58,70,7274,76 (16)

  • Mixed/unknown33,42,51,54,60,61,65,68,71,77 (10)

Inpatient
  • Adult41,48 (2)

  • Pediatric29,33,50 (3)

Emergency department49,63,67 (3)
Medical school31,36,37,47 (4)
Multiple settings/other30,38,45,46,55,59,62,64,66,75 (10)
  • Multiple SDoH2633,3640,43,44,46,51,54,56,5963,6568,7377 (33)

  • Food insecurity34,45,52,53,58,69,70,72 (8)

  • Health literacy25,41,42,47,48,57,71 (7)

  • Housing35,49 (2)

  • Legal services50,55 (2)

  • Other64 (1)

  • Physicians25,28,3335,39,45,5054,56,5870,72,7577 (30)

  • Resident physicians2527,29,30,32,3946,51,55,58,63,66,73,74 (21)

  • Nurses4850,53,55,57,60,67,75 (9)

  • Nurse practitioners35,39,52,53,6971 (7)

  • Social workers49,50,52,75 (4)

  • Community health workers/certified recovery specialists33,37 (2)

  • Medical students31,3638,45,47 (6)

  • Pharmacists75 (1)

  • Clinic staff/other allied health professionals33,34,42,55,59,60,63,67,69 (9)

  • RCT, randomized controlled trials; SDoH, social determinants of health.